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Bleeding in fresh concrete occurs when water from the mix rises to the surface. This happens because the mix's solid components fail to retain all the water as they settle, leading to separation where water collects at the top. The severity of bleeding can be measured by assessing the total settlement or by noting the decrease in height per unit height of concrete.
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The pH of a solution containing an acid can be determined using its acid dissociation constant and its initial concentration. If a solution contains two different acids, then its pH can be determined using one of several methods depending upon the relative strength of the acids and their dissociation constants.
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トランサミン酸は手術におけるすべての出血を止めることができるか？

Taylor Lonjin1, Praveen Prasanna1, Dean Zhang2

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.

Journal of the National Medical Association
|February 11, 2026
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

トランサミン酸（TXA）は、周術期出血と輸血の必要性を効果的に軽減する。リスクを軽減するには、慎重な患者選択と投与量が不可欠であり、特に凝固障害や腎機能障害のある患者には注意が必要である。

キーワード:
心臓手術禁忌脳神経外科整形外科手術小児外科トランサミン酸外傷手術

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科学分野:

  • 麻酔科学
  • 血液学
  • 外科学

背景:

  • 過度の出血は、外科的状況における患者の罹患率と死亡率の重大な原因である。
  • トランサミン酸（TXA）は、出血を制御するために使用される合成抗線溶薬である。
  • 線維素溶解の防止は、TXAが出血量を減少させる主要なメカニズムである。

研究 の 目的:

  • 多様な外科専門分野におけるTXAの臨床的応用をレビューする。
  • TXAの周術期出血量と輸血必要量の削減における有効性を評価する。
  • TXA投与に関連する安全性に関する考慮事項と潜在的なリスクを要約する。

主な方法:

  • 様々な外科手技におけるTXAを含む研究の包括的な文献レビュー。
  • TXAが出血と血液製剤の使用に与える影響に関するデータの分析。
  • 報告されたTXA使用の有害事象と禁忌の検討。

主要な成果:

  • TXAは、複数の外科分野において、出血と輸血の必要性を最小限に抑える上で顕著な有効性を示す。
  • エビデンスは、TXAが手術中の止血のための有用な補助薬としての役割を支持している。
  • 血栓塞栓性イベントを含む潜在的なリスクは、慎重な患者選択と適切な投与量を必要とする。

結論:

  • TXAは、周術期出血管理のための効果的な抗線溶薬である。
  • TXAの利点を最大化し、有害事象を最小限に抑えるためには、最適な患者選択と正確な投与量が重要である。
  • より広範な患者集団と特定の臨床シナリオに対応するために、TXAプロトコルを最適化するためのさらなる研究が必要である。