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関連する概念動画

Contact-dependent Signaling01:19

Contact-dependent Signaling

47.6K
Contact-dependent signaling, as the name suggests, requires that communicating cells be in direct contact with each other. This is achieved either through receptor-ligand interactions or by specialized cytoplasmic channels that allow the flow of small molecules between cells. In animal cells, channels called gap junctions facilitate contact-dependent signaling in certain tissues, whereas, plasmodesmata perform a similar function in plants.
Gap Junctions
In animal cells, gap junctions are formed...
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Dietary Connections01:23

Dietary Connections

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In biological systems, most metabolic pathways are interconnected. The cellular respiration processes that convert glucose to ATP—such as glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle—tie into those that break down other organic compounds. As a result, various foods—from apples to cheese to guacamole—end up as ATP. In addition to carbohydrates, food also contains proteins and lipids—such as cholesterol and fats. All of these organic compounds are used...
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

24.2K
When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
24.2K
Introduction to Connective Tissues01:11

Introduction to Connective Tissues

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Connective tissues are one of the four main tissue types in humans that are extensively present in the body. They are characterized by cells embedded in an extracellular matrix (ECM) composed of a ground substance and three main types of protein fibers— collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers. The ground substance of connective tissues can range from a watery and jelly-like consistency to mineralized and hard. The wide variety of cells in the connective tissues include fibroblasts,...
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Classification of Connective Tissues01:30

Classification of Connective Tissues

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The connective tissues have different properties and functions in the human body. They are broadly categorized into proper, supporting, or fluid connective tissues.
Connective Tissue Proper
Connective tissue proper is the most abundant class of connective tissues. As its name implies, it predominantly connects different tissues in the body. Depending on the cell types, ground substance, viscosity, and fiber types in the ECM, connective tissue proper is further categorized into loose and dense....
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Embryonic Connective Tissues01:20

Embryonic Connective Tissues

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During early development, the embryo forms two types of connective tissues— the mesenchyme and mucoid connective tissue.
The mesenchyme is the first connective tissue that emerges in the developing embryo. It consists of loosely arranged multipotent mesenchymal cells and reticular fibers in the extracellular matrix. This loose arrangement allows easy migration of cells, which is essential for germ layer positioning, patterning, and organ morphogenesis during embryonic development.
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Methods for the Modulation and Analysis of NF-κB-dependent Adult Neurogenesis
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Methods for the Modulation and Analysis of NF-κB-dependent Adult Neurogenesis

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α-tACSは,報酬に依存する生徒の反応と,前皮・上皮の接続性を調節する.

David V Smith, James B Wyngaarden, Sarah M Weinstein

    bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology
    |February 12, 2026
    PubMed
    まとめ

    腹側前頭皮質 (Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex,VLPFC) の非侵襲的な脳刺激は,興奮と前頭皮質のネットワークを調節することによって,報酬処理に影響を与えます. このアプローチは,報酬機能不全を研究し,潜在的に治療するための新しい方法を提供します.

    科学分野:

    • 神経科学は神経科学である.
    • コグニティブ・サイエンス コグニティブ・サイエンス
    • 心理学 心理学とは

    背景:

    • 非侵襲的な脳刺激は,報酬処理の神経機構を理解するのに役立ちます.
    • TMSやtESのような現在の方法は,ストライアタムなどの深い脳領域に到達するのに苦労しています.
    • 腹側前頭前皮質 (Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex,VLPFC) はストライアタムと密接なつながりがあり,間接的な調節の可能性を示唆しています.

    研究 の 目的:

    • VLPFCを刺激することで,報酬処理に関連する神経および生理学的反応に間接的に影響を与えるかどうかを調査する.
    • 報酬関連の活動と接続性に対するトランスクレニアル交流電流刺激 (α-tACS) の影響を調べる.

    主な方法:

    • 参加者は,金銭的な報酬/罰でカードを推測するタスクを受けました.
    • 機能性磁気共鳴画像 (fMRI) と瞳孔計は,α-tACSでVLPFCまたは対照領域を標的としたときに同時に使用されました.
    • 測定対象は,瞳孔の膨張,脳活性化 (BOLD),腹筋線状体-背筋前帯状皮質 (VS-dACC) の機能的接続性でした.

    主要な成果:

    • VLPFC刺激は,報酬と罰の両方において瞳孔の膨張を増加させ,生理学的興奮の上昇を示しています.

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    Concurrent Electroencephalography Recording During Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation tACS

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  • α-tACSはVLPFCの活性を調節し,報酬の際に活性化させ,罰の際に抑制した.
  • 刺激により,文脈によってVS-dACCの接続性が変化し,瞳孔の膨張と相関する変化があった.

    • 結論:

    • α-tACSでVLPFCをターゲットにすると,報酬処理中に局所的な皮質活動と皮質前皮質ネットワークを効果的に調節します.
    • これは,報酬回路に影響を与えるための有望な非侵襲的な方法を提供します.
    • 発見は,報酬処理における脳活動,接続性,および自律的反応を関連付けています.