関連する実験動画

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

In Vivo 2-Photon Calcium Imaging in Layer 2/3 of Mice
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In Vivo 2-Photon Calcium Imaging in Layer 2/3 of Mice

Published on: March 13, 2008

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300GHzフォトニック・アイド・ワイヤレス 2×2 MIMO トランスミッション 200m以上 GMM強化デュオビナリ無監督適応CNNを使用

Luhan Jiang1, Jianjun Yu1, Qiutong Zhang1

  • 1The State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE), School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 13, 2026
PubMed
まとめ

この研究では,極化分割マルチプレキシングと高度な信号処理を使用して100Gbit/sテラヘルツのワイヤレス通信システムを実証しています. ダウビナリ・シェーピングや新しいニューラル・ネットワークのような技術は,伝送の課題を克服し,200メートル以上の高データレートを達成します.

キーワード:
コンボリューションニューラルネットワークデュオビナリ・シェーピングガウシアン混合物モデルマルチ入力 マルチアウトプットフォトニック支援テラヘルツ伝送

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All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
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Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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SN2 Reaction: Kinetics

Kinetic Studies and Significance
In a chemical reaction, a relationship exists between the concentration of reactants and the rate at which the reaction proceeds. The study to measure this relationship is known as the kinetics of a chemical reaction. Kinetic studies are used to deduce the rate law of a chemical reaction, which provides information about the species involved during the transition state of the rate-determining step. Thus, kinetic studies help to derive the mechanism of a...
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The kinetic studies of SN2 reactions suggest an essential feature of its mechanism: it is a single-step process without intermediates. Here, both the nucleophile and the substrate participate in the rate-determining step.
The presence of the more electronegative halogen in the substrate creates a polarized carbon-halide bond. The halide pulls the electron cloud generating an electrophilic center at the carbon atom. Thus, the carbon atom carries a partial positive charge while the halide has a...
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An SN2 reaction of an alkyl halide is a single-step process in which bond formation between the nucleophile and the substrate and bond breaking between the substrate and the halide occurs simultaneously through a transition state without forming an intermediate.
When the nucleophile approaches the electrophilic carbon with its lone pairs, the halide acts as a leaving group and moves away with the electron-pair bonded to the carbon. Dotted partial bonds represent the bonds being formed or broken...
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In an SN2 reaction, the nucleophilic attack on the substrate and departure of the leaving group occurs simultaneously through a transition state. As the nucleophile approaches the substrate from the back-side, the configuration of the substrate carbon changes from tetrahedral to trigonal bipyramidal and then back to tetrahedral, leading to an inversion in the configuration of the product.
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