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関連する概念動画

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

23.3K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
23.3K
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

20.3K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
20.3K
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

15.3K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
15.3K
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

21.6K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
21.6K
Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

30.1K
Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
30.1K
Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

50.5K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
50.5K

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関連する実験動画

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Microbiologically Induced Calcite Precipitation Mediated by Sporosarcina pasteurii
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Microbiologically Induced Calcite Precipitation Mediated by Sporosarcina pasteurii

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高圧相転換前のカルシットにおける電荷シフト

Marcin Stachowicz1, Agnieszka A Huć2,3, Tomasz Poręba4,5

  • 1Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|February 13, 2026
PubMed
まとめ

カルシートなどの炭酸岩は,高圧下では大きな変化を起こし,世界の炭素循環に影響を与えます. この研究は,圧力の誘発による電子再分配を構造的シフトの前に明らかにし,炭素は圧縮下で独特に膨張する.

さらに関連する動画

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures
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Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

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Production of Membrane-Filtered Phase-Shift Decafluorobutane Nanodroplets from Preformed Microbubbles
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Production of Membrane-Filtered Phase-Shift Decafluorobutane Nanodroplets from Preformed Microbubbles

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関連する実験動画

Last Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Microbiologically Induced Calcite Precipitation Mediated by Sporosarcina pasteurii
09:04

Microbiologically Induced Calcite Precipitation Mediated by Sporosarcina pasteurii

Published on: April 16, 2016

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Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures
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Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

Published on: October 7, 2013

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Production of Membrane-Filtered Phase-Shift Decafluorobutane Nanodroplets from Preformed Microbubbles
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Production of Membrane-Filtered Phase-Shift Decafluorobutane Nanodroplets from Preformed Microbubbles

Published on: March 23, 2021

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科学分野:

  • 地質化学 地質化学
  • ミネラル物理学 ミネラル物理学
  • コンピューティング・ケミストリー

背景:

  • マントルの圧力における炭酸岩の振る舞いを理解することは,世界の炭素循環モデリングに不可欠です.
  • カルシート (CaCO3) は,カルシート-Iからカルシート-IIに約1.6GPaで移行しますが,その電子および化学反応性の変化は不明です.

研究 の 目的:

  • 高圧下におけるカルシートの電子的および構造的変化を調査する.
  • 鉱物学と地球内部の深さの炭素循環への影響を理解する.

主な方法:

  • EBS-ESRFシンクロトロンのID27ビームラインを利用した高圧X線 difraktion実験.
  • 充電密度分析は,原子電荷,盆地容量,形状を決定する.

主要な成果:

  • カルシート相移行前のCa,C,O原子間の不連続の電荷再分配が観察されました.
  • 炭素の負の原子圧縮性を特定し,炭素は電子吸収により圧力下で膨張する.
  • 圧力の誘発による電子密度の再配置を解決する実験的な電荷密度方法の能力を実証した.

結論:

  • カルシート相移行は,構造的な変化だけでなく,重要な電子再配置が先行しています.
  • 圧力下での炭素のユニークな振る舞いは,地球深層の鉱物学への新しい洞察を提供します.
  • 実験的な電荷密度分析は,極端な条件下で鉱物の行動に関する前例のない詳細を提供します.