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X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

4.9K
X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab01:21

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab

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For AAS measurements, samples must be introduced as clear solutions, often requiring extensive preliminary treatment to dissolve materials like soils, animal tissues, and minerals. Common methods for sample preparation include treatment with hot mineral acids, wet ashing, combustion in closed containers, high-temperature ashing, or fusion with reagents.
 Solutions containing organic solvents, such as low-molecular-mass alcohols, esters, or ketones, enhance absorbances by increasing...
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X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

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German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...
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関連する実験動画

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Use of Micro X-ray Computed Tomography with Phosphotungstic Acid Preparation to Visualize Human Fibromuscular Tissue
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高コントラストのX線コンピュータトモグラフィーで,溶解したアセトアミノフェノンの無形成分を定量化します.

Tamaki Miyazaki1, Yoshihiro Takeda2, Kazuki Ito2

  • 1Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan. miyazaki@nihs.go.jp.

AAPS PharmSciTech
|February 18, 2026
PubMed
まとめ

X線コンピューティングトモグラフィー (XRCT) は,無形成分を定量化することによって,医薬品の結晶化を確実に監視します. この非破壊的方法は,微分スキャニングカロメトリー (DSC) と良好な相関関係があり,薬剤開発の初期段階における実用的なツールを提供します.

キーワード:
アセトアミノフェン (アセトアミノフェン) とはアモルフな形状である.結晶化,結晶化は高コントラストのX線コンピュータトモグラフィー容量測定評価による評価

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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

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Three-Dimensional Particle Shape Analysis Using X-ray Computed Tomography: Experimental Procedure and Analysis Algorithms for Metal Powders
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関連する実験動画

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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Three-Dimensional Particle Shape Analysis Using X-ray Computed Tomography: Experimental Procedure and Analysis Algorithms for Metal Powders
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科学分野:

  • マテリアルサイエンス 材料科学
  • 医薬品科学 医薬品科学とは
  • アナリティカル・ケミストリー (Analytical Chemistry) とは

背景:

  • X線コンピューティングトモグラフィー (XRCT) は,非破壊的3D分析および構造変化のモニタリングに使用されます.
  • 医薬品におけるXRCTの以前の応用には,熱的方法に対する体系的な定量的な検証が欠けていました.

研究 の 目的:

  • アモルフォス製薬結晶化のモニタリングのための実験室XRCTを評価する.
  • 微分スキャニングカロメトリー (DSC) を使用してXRCTの定量的な精度を検証する.

主な方法:

  • アセトアミノフェンの無形成分は,XRCTベースのヴォクセルセグメンテーションを使用して定量化されました.
  • DSCは,ガラスの移行温度における特異的熱変化によって無形な含有量を測定した.
  • 時間依存結晶化は,XRCTとDSCの両方を使用して30°Cで監視されました.

主要な成果:

  • XRCTは結晶化中の無形分子を定量化するためにDSCと強い相関 (R2 = 0.990) を示しました.
  • XRCTは,マイクロメートルスケールの解像度制限にもかかわらず,無形な内容の信頼性の高い,ヴォクセルベースの測定を提供しました.
  • In situ XRCTは結晶化の開始と空間的拡散を視覚化し,大量熱分析を超えた洞察を提供しました.

結論:

  • XRCTは,医薬品開発の初期段階における物理的安定性の迅速なスクリーニングのための実用的で効率的なツールです.
  • この方法は,単一のサンプルを継続的にモニタリングすることができ,必要なサンプルの数を減らすことができます.
  • XRCTは結晶化行動に関する貴重な情報を提供し,従来の熱分析を補完します.