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関連する概念動画

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

9.0K
The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
9.0K
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition01:11

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition

5.1K
Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles. However, nucleophilic aromatic substitutions can be forced under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or strong bases. The mechanism of substitution under such conditions involves the highly unstable and reactive benzyne intermediate. Benzyne contains equivalent carbon centers at both ends of the triple bond, each of which is equally susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This 50–50 distribution of products is...
5.1K
meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

6.9K
All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
6.9K
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Addition–Elimination (SNAr)01:30

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Addition–Elimination (SNAr)

4.9K
Nucleophilic substitution in aromatic compounds is feasible in substrates bearing strong electron-withdrawing substituents positioned ortho or para to the leaving group. The reaction proceeds via two steps: the addition of the nucleophile and the elimination of the leaving group.
The reaction begins with an attack of the nucleophile on the carbon that holds the leaving group. This results in the delocalization of the π electrons over the ring carbons. The resonance interaction between...
4.9K
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryldiazonium Salts: Aromatic SN101:14

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryldiazonium Salts: Aromatic SN1

2.8K
Treating arylamines with nitrous acid gives aryldiazonium salts that are effective substrates in nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. The diazonio group in these salts can be easily displaced by different nucleophiles, yielding a wide variety of substituted benzenes. The leaving group departs as nitrogen gas, and this easy elimination is the driving force for the substitution reaction.
In the Sandmeyer reaction, for example, the diazonio group is replaced by a chloro, bromo,...
2.8K
Rate-Determining Steps03:08

Rate-Determining Steps

37.6K
Relating Reaction Mechanisms
In a multistep reaction mechanism, one of the elementary steps progresses significantly slower than the others. This slowest step is called the rate-limiting step (or rate-determining step). A reaction cannot proceed faster than its slowest step, and hence, the rate-determining step limits the overall reaction rate.
The concept of rate-determining step can be understood from the analogy of a 4-lane freeway with a short-stretch of traffic-bottleneck caused due to...
37.6K

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Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid
07:06

Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid

Published on: November 15, 2017

12.1K

アロマティック・ニートレーションにおける同時に高い選択性と変換のための逆流マイクロフロー戦略.

Jing Song1, Yongqi Pan1, Ruobing Xin1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Low-Carbon Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

Nature communications
|February 20, 2026
PubMed
まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

この研究は,アロマティック・ニートレーションのための新しい対流マイクロフロー法を導入し,反応速度と選択性を大幅に向上させる. このアプローチは,過剰窒素化を制御し,化学合成の安全性と効率性を向上させるという長年にわたる課題を克服します.

さらに関連する動画

Utilization of Stop-flow Micro-tubing Reactors for the Development of Organic Transformations
13:09

Utilization of Stop-flow Micro-tubing Reactors for the Development of Organic Transformations

Published on: January 4, 2018

39.7K
A Scalable Balz-Schiemann Reaction Protocol in a Continuous Flow Reactor
05:21

A Scalable Balz-Schiemann Reaction Protocol in a Continuous Flow Reactor

Published on: February 10, 2023

3.9K

関連する実験動画

Last Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid
07:06

Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid

Published on: November 15, 2017

12.1K
Utilization of Stop-flow Micro-tubing Reactors for the Development of Organic Transformations
13:09

Utilization of Stop-flow Micro-tubing Reactors for the Development of Organic Transformations

Published on: January 4, 2018

39.7K
A Scalable Balz-Schiemann Reaction Protocol in a Continuous Flow Reactor
05:21

A Scalable Balz-Schiemann Reaction Protocol in a Continuous Flow Reactor

Published on: February 10, 2023

3.9K

科学分野:

  • 化学工学は化学工学というものです.
  • 有機化学 オーガニック・ケミストリー
  • プロセス・ケミストリー プロセス・ケミストリー

背景:

  • アロマティック・ニートレーションは,本質的な安全リスクを持つ重要な産業プロセスです.
  • 持続的な課題は,反応速度と選択性の間のトレードオフであり,問題のある過剰窒素化につながります.
  • 伝統的なバッチ・リアクターとコカレント・マイクロフロー・システムは,効率と制御に限界がある.

研究 の 目的:

  • 空間時的変換率と芳香性窒素化における選択性を同時に向上させるマイクロフロー戦略を開発する.
  • 常見の副作用である過剰窒素化の問題を対処し,軽減するために.
  • 異なる芳香窒素反応における提案された方法の汎用性を実証する.

主な方法:

  • 2つのマイクロリアクタを使用した逆流マイクロフローモードの実装.
  • マイクロリアクターシステム内の反応運動学と熱力学の研究.
  • ニトロアロマティック溶液の局所的還元による過剰窒素化の抑制における水の役割の特定.

主要な成果:

  • 逆流のマイクロフローモードは,同流のフローと比較して,時空変換率を5倍に増加させました.
  • 伝統的なバッチ型原子炉と比較して,2桁の変換率の改善が観察されました.
  • 過剰窒素化の効果的な阻害メカニズムが特定され,反応中に水生成につながった.
  • 高い変換と選択性を同時に達成し,従来のトレードオフ効果を克服します.

結論:

  • 提案された逆流マイクロフロー戦略は,アロマティック・ニートレーションプロセスにおいて,重要な進歩をもたらします.
  • この方法により,安全性,効率性,制御性が向上し,既存の技術の主要な限界を克服します.
  • 証明された広範な適用性は,さまざまな窒素化アプリケーションで広く採用される可能性を示唆しています.