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Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment01:17

Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment

342
Flood risk assessment involves careful planning and analysis to ensure the safety of communities near water retention structures. Capacity contours are a vital tool in this process, as they illustrate the potential spread of water at specific levels in a given area. In the context of building a bund across a small valley, these contours play a critical role in evaluating the safety of nearby residential areas.In this example, the bund is intended to store stormwater in the valley. The engineers...
342
Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment01:19

Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment

475
Constructing a roadway embankment over uneven terrain requires precise leveling to ensure stability and proper drainage. Surveyors use a leveling instrument and staff to calculate ground elevations and determine the required fill material at each point along the embankment alignment.The process begins by positioning a leveling instrument near a benchmark with a known elevation. A backsight reading establishes the instrument height, which serves as a reference for subsequent measurements. A...
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Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
6.3K
Precipitation Titration: Endpoint Detection Methods01:19

Precipitation Titration: Endpoint Detection Methods

6.1K
In argentometric precipitation titrations, endpoints can be detected visually by the Mohr, Volhard, and Fajans methods. In the Mohr method, adding a soluble chromate indicator gives an initial yellow color to the analyte solution. As the titrant is added, the first excess of silver ions forms a red silver chromate precipitate, marking the endpoint. The solution pH should be maintained at about 8 by adding solid CaCO3.
In the Volhard method, a standard excess of AgNO3 is first added to the...
6.1K
Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
4.5K
Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
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A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff
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土地滑坡阈值确定的降雨特征优化

Himasha Abeysiriwardana1, Thomas Kjeldsen1, Cormac Reale1

  • 1Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Claverton Down Campus, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY UK.

Natural hazards (Dordrecht, Netherlands)
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まとめ
この要約は機械生成です。

本研究提出了一个在新框架下为数据有限地区滑坡预测设定降雨阈值的方法。与非线性最小二乘法相比，贝叶斯推理方法提供了更稳定的滑坡预测阈值，尤其是在考虑了更长的前期降雨时间的情况下。

キーワード:
贝叶斯推理数据稀缺事件降雨-历时强度-历时滑坡最小事件间时间降雨阈值

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科学分野:

  • 地球科学
  • 水文学
  • 自然灾害

背景:

  • 滑坡预测通常使用降雨阈值，但这些阈值对事件定义敏感。
  • 最小事件间时间（MIT）和触发事件（TE）的定义对阈值精度有显著影响。

研究 の 目的:

  • 为数据有限、高风险地区的数据驱动降雨阈值开发新框架。
  • 使用贝叶斯推理（BI）和非线性最小二乘法（NLS）评估MIT和触发事件（TE）定义对降雨阈值估计的影响。

主な方法:

  • 采用贝叶斯推理（BI）和非线性最小二乘法（NLS）技术。
  • 使用2005-2023年的15分钟降雨数据和南威尔士的滑坡记录，分析了降雨-历时和强度-历时空间。
  • 评估了最小事件间时间（MIT）和触发事件（TE）定义的各种变化。

主要な成果:

  • 与非线性最小二乘法（NLS）得出的阈值相比，贝叶斯推理（BI）得出的阈值更稳定。
  • NLS方法通常会产生不切实际的、接近平坦的阈值，尤其是在强度-历时空间中。
  • BI和NLS都显示出在48小时的最小事件间时间（MIT）下具有最佳性能，这突显了前期降雨的作用。

結論:

  • 稳健的贝叶斯方法可以通过下调全球阈值来改进数据稀缺地区的滑坡预测。
  • 仔细的事件划分实践对于提高滑坡预测模型的准确性至关重要。
  • 本研究为建立可靠的、数据驱动的滑坡早期预警系统降雨阈值提供了一个框架。