野生アザミ葉副産物の価値向上：抽出、生理活性化合物、抗酸化活性、およびナノ製剤化

Wild cardoon (Cynara cardunculus subsp. cardunculus L.) is an endemic plant of the Mediterranean basin with nutritional and health properties. Herein, fresh wild cardoon leaf by-product was extracted with either a 20:80% v/v EtOH:H₂O or an 80:20% v/v EtOH:H₂O mixture (WCE1 and WCE2, respectively). The quali-quantitative profiles of the two extracts were analysed by LC-ESI-QTOF MS/MS and HPLC-PDA, revealing hydroxycinnamic acids as the predominant phenolic compounds, followed by flavonoids. WCE2, the extract richest in phenolic compounds was incorporated into nanosized enteric polymer-coated liposomes, which exhibited a high entrapment efficiency. The extract's nanoformulation showed antioxidant properties in in vitro cell-free and cell-based models as well as good stability during storage and in both simulated and ex vivo gastrointestinal fluids. Overall, the wild cardoon leaf extract incorporated into polymer-coated liposomes for oral delivery was demonstrated to be a valuable source of antioxidants, thus offering opportunities for their valorisation into functional foods.