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Mutations01:39

Mutations

Overview
From DNA to Protein03:06

From DNA to Protein

The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Mutations01:35

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
Point and Frameshift Mutations01:30

Point and Frameshift Mutations

Point mutations are genetic alterations involving the change of a single nucleotide base pair in DNA. Depending on how the alteration affects protein synthesis, they can lead to various consequences.Point mutations fall into the following types:Silent mutations occur when a nucleotide change does not alter the amino acid sequence due to the redundancy of the genetic code. For instance, changing ACC to ACA still encodes threonine, leaving the protein function unaffected. This occurs because...

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関連する実験動画

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Engineering Artificial Factors to Specifically Manipulate Alternative Splicing in Human Cells
10:06

Engineering Artificial Factors to Specifically Manipulate Alternative Splicing in Human Cells

Published on: April 26, 2017

4塩基コドンであるACCA,ACCU,ACCCは,フレームシフト抑制器 sufJによって認識されます.

L Bossi, J R Roth

    Cell
    |August 1, 1981
    PubMed
    まとめ

    フレームシフト抑制器 sufJ は,新しい 4 塩基のコードンを読み取ることで +1 フレームシフト変異を修正します. この発見は,フレームシフト抑制のための新しいメカニズムを明らかにし,翻訳規制の理解を広げています.

    科学分野:

    • 分子生物学は分子生物学である.
    • 遺伝学 遺伝学とは
    • バイオケミストリー バイオケミストリー

    背景:

    • フレームシフト変異は,mRNAの読み取りフレームを変更するヌクレオチドの挿入または削除です.
    • フレームシフトサプレッサーは,これらの変異を読み取り,タンパク質合成を復元できるtRNAです.
    • 多くのフレームシフト抑制器の特定のメカニズムと認識部位は,まだ十分に理解されていません.

    研究 の 目的:

    • フレームシフトサプレッサー sufJによって認識される特定のmRNA配列を特定するために.
    • sufJが+1フレームシフト変異を抑制するメカニズムを解明する.
    • sufJ.の新しいコドン認識特性を特徴づけるために.

    主な方法:

    • サイト・ダイレクト・ミュータジェネシスは,フレームシフト変異の近くにある潜在的なSufJ認識サイトを作成するために使用されました.
    • 発生した変異を確認するためにDNAシーケンシングを使用した.
    • 抑制の機能的分析は,明示的に詳細に説明されていないが,実験設計から推測された.

    主要な成果:

    • フレームシフト抑制器 sufJ は,4基のコドンである ACCX (X が A,U,または C であり得る) を認識することが判明しました.

    さらに関連する動画

    A Deep-sequencing-assisted, Spontaneous Suppressor Screen in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe
    07:55

    A Deep-sequencing-assisted, Spontaneous Suppressor Screen in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

    Published on: March 7, 2019

    Visualization and Quantification of Intermolecular RNA Base Pairing in in vitro RNA Clusters Using Split Broccoli RNA Reporters
    10:52

    Visualization and Quantification of Intermolecular RNA Base Pairing in in vitro RNA Clusters Using Split Broccoli RNA Reporters

    Published on: May 29, 2026

    関連する実験動画

    Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

    Engineering Artificial Factors to Specifically Manipulate Alternative Splicing in Human Cells
    10:06

    Engineering Artificial Factors to Specifically Manipulate Alternative Splicing in Human Cells

    Published on: April 26, 2017

    A Deep-sequencing-assisted, Spontaneous Suppressor Screen in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe
    07:55

    A Deep-sequencing-assisted, Spontaneous Suppressor Screen in the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

    Published on: March 7, 2019

    Visualization and Quantification of Intermolecular RNA Base Pairing in in vitro RNA Clusters Using Split Broccoli RNA Reporters
    10:52

    Visualization and Quantification of Intermolecular RNA Base Pairing in in vitro RNA Clusters Using Split Broccoli RNA Reporters

    Published on: May 29, 2026

  • この認識部位は,フレームシフト変異の部位の近くにあるが,直接ではない.
  • sufJは,コードンの最初の3つの位置で3つの繰り返し塩基の実行を必要としない最初の認識されたフレームシフト抑制器です.

    • 結論:

    • sufJサプレッサーtRNAは,珍しい4塩基コドンであるACCXを認識し,様々な+1フレームシフト変異を抑制することができます.
    • この発見は,tRNAによるコドン認識の既知のレパートリーを拡張し,フレームシフト抑制のための新しいモデルを提供します.
    • sufJのメカニズムを理解することで,翻訳の忠誠性と規制の洞察が得られます.