近所と暴力犯罪:集団的有効性に関する多層の研究
R J Sampson1, S W Raudenbush, F Earls
1Department of Sociology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
まとめ
強い集団的有効性,または社会的凝結と介入の意思を持つ地区は,暴力の減少を示しています. このコミュニティの強さは,個々の要因や以前の犯罪率を制御するときにさえ,暴力を軽減するのに役立ちます.
科学分野:
- クリミノロジー 犯罪学
- 都市社会学 都市社会学
- 公衆衛生は公衆衛生である.
背景:
- 暴力は複雑な原因を持つ重大な社会問題である.
- コミュニティの社会的ダイナミクスは,犯罪防止の重要な要因としてますます認識されています.
- 地域社会の一致性と介入意欲の尺度である集団的有効性は,暴力を減らすために仮説化されています.
研究 の 目的:
- 集団的効果が暴力の減少と関連しているという仮説を検証する.
- シカゴの近所の集団的効果と暴力の関係を調べるために.
- 集団的効果が,集中的な不利益と居住不安定が暴力に及ぼす影響を媒介するかどうかを判断する.
主な方法:
- シカゴの343の地区の8782人の住民を対象とした1995年の調査データを活用した.
- 集団的効果と暴力の関連性を評価するために,多層の分析を採用した.
- 個別レベルの特徴,測定誤差,および以前の暴力レベルを制御します.
主要な成果:
- 集団的有効性は,近隣間の高い信頼性を示しました.
- 集団的有効性は暴力の変動と否定的に関連していました.
- 集中的な不利益と住宅の不安定が暴力と結びついていることは,集団的効果によって大きく仲介されている.
結論:
- 集団的有効性は,近所の暴力を減らすのに重要な要因です.
- 地域社会における社会的連帯と介入意欲の強化は,有効な犯罪削減戦略である可能性があります.
- 集団的効果を狙った介入は,社会的,経済的不利益に関連した暴力に対処することができる.
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