在高温超导物理学的进步
1Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|April 25, 2000
概括
高温氧化铜超导体表现出超越传统物理学的非凡特性,推动了新的研究. 这些材料挑战了我们对金属中电子相互作用的理解.
科学领域:
- 凝聚物质物理学 凝聚物质物理学
- 材料科学 材料科学 材料科学
背景情况:
- 高温氧化铜超导体具有重要的科学意义.
- 这些材料显示了以前认为不可能的超导过渡温度.
- 它们具有超越传统金属物理学的特性.
研究的目的:
- 提供关于高温氧化铜超导体近期进展的视角.
- 讨论这些发展对理解金属中的电子相互作用的影响.
主要方法:
- 审查最近的实验技术.
- 分析与相互作用电子相关的理论概念.
主要成果:
- 高温超导体扩大了材料科学中的可能性.
- 这些材料需要新的实验和理论方法.
结论:
- 对高温氧化铜超导体的研究对于推动我们对基本物理学的理解至关重要.
- 这些材料需要重新评估现有的关于金属中电子行为的理论.
相关概念视频
01:14Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I
Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
01:20Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II
In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
01:24Superconductor
A substance that reaches superconductivity, a state in which magnetic fields cannot penetrate, and there is no electrical resistance, is referred to as a superconductor. In 1911, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University, a Dutch physicist, observed a relation between the temperature and the resistance of the element mercury. The mercury sample was then cooled in liquid helium to study the linear dependence of resistance on temperature. It was observed that, as the temperature decreased, the...
01:28Types Of Superconductors
A superconductor is a substance that offers zero resistance to the electric current when it drops below a critical temperature. Zero resistance is not the only interesting phenomenon as materials reach their transition temperatures. A second effect is the exclusion of magnetic fields. This is known as the Meissner effect. A light, permanent magnet placed over a superconducting sample will levitate in a stable position above the superconductor. High-speed trains that levitate on strong...
01:21Joule-Thomson Effect
The Joule-Thomson effect, also known as the Joule-Kelvin effect, describes the temperature change of a fluid when it is forced through a valve or porous plug while keeping it in a thermally insulated environment. This experiment is called a throttling process. This is an important effect widely used in refrigeration and the liquefaction of gases.
This experiment forces high-pressure gas through a throttle valve or a porous plug to a lower-pressure region. The gas expands as it passes through to...
This experiment forces high-pressure gas through a throttle valve or a porous plug to a lower-pressure region. The gas expands as it passes through to...
01:14Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant heat.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant heat.