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The Carbon Cycle01:14

The Carbon Cycle

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Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
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Ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) is a critical enzyme that catalyzes carbon dioxide assimilation during photosynthesis. However, it is an inefficient enzyme, having an extremely slow catalytic rate. A typical enzyme can process about a thousand molecules per second; however, RuBisCo fixes only around three-carbon dioxides per second. Photosynthetic cells compensate for this slow rate by synthesizing very high amounts of RuBisCo, making it the most abundant single...
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Respiration is a crucial physiological function involving exchanging oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between an organism and its environment. Various factors can impact this essential process:
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Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

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Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
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Chemical Factors Affecting Respiration Centers01:31

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Chemical factors such as changing CO2, O2, and H+ levels in arterial blood play a critical role in influencing respiration depth and rates. These variations are detected by chemoreceptors—specialized sensors located in two primary body areas. Central chemoreceptors are found throughout the brain stem, including the ventrolateral medulla, while peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries.
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Other Factors Affecting Respiration Centers01:17

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Breathing is primarily an involuntary activity regulated by the brainstem respiratory centers. However, it can also be consciously controlled, allowing us to hold our breath or take deeper breaths when needed. This voluntary control is facilitated by the cerebral motor cortex, which bypasses the medullary centers to stimulate the respiratory muscles directly.
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相关实验视频

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Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling
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呼吸是欧洲森林碳平衡的主要决定因素.

R Valentini1, G Matteucci, A J Dolman

  • 1University of Tuscia, Department of Forest Environment and Resources, Viterbo, Italy. rik@unitus.it

Nature
|April 29, 2000
PubMed
概括

欧洲的森林作为重要的碳汇,吸收大量的二氧化碳. 碳吸收随着度的下降而增加,主要是由生态系统呼吸驱动的,而不仅仅是植被指数或库存数据.

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科学领域:

  • 生态生态学 生态生态学
  • 环境科学 环境科学
  • 林业林业 林业 林业 林业

背景情况:

  • 陆地生物圈的碳交换对于气候变化评估至关重要,特别是根据"京都议定书".
  • 以前对陆地碳增加的估计依赖于间接方法,并对控制因素和位置进行了辩论.
  • 了解森林碳汇对于全球碳预算的准确性至关重要.

研究的目的:

  • 介绍欧洲森林净生态系统碳交换的直接测量.
  • 确认欧洲森林生态系统是否作为碳汇.
  • 调查影响碳吸收的因素,如度和生态系统呼吸.

主要方法:

  • 在15个欧洲森林地区直接测量了生态系统净碳交换 (NCE).
  • 数据收集时间为1996年至1998年.
  • 分析了与度相关的碳平衡,总初级产量和生态系统呼吸.

主要成果:

  • 证实了大多数研究的欧洲森林生态系统充当碳汇,每年碳平衡从每公6.6C升高到每公近1C排放.
  • 观察到随着度的下降,碳吸收的显著增加.
  • 发现生态系统的呼吸,而不是总初级产量,通常决定生态系统的净碳交换.

结论:

  • 欧洲的森林显然是碳汇,但森林之间存在很大的差异.
  • 度是影响碳吸收的关键因素,南部森林的碳捕获率更高.
  • 准确的森林碳平衡评估需要的不仅仅是遥感 (NDVI) 或森林库存数据,强调生态系统呼吸的作用.