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Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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极端气候:观测,建模和影响

D R Easterling1, G A Meehl, C Parmesan

  • 1National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/National Climatic Data Center, 151 Patton Avenue, Asheville, NC 28801, USA. david.r.easterling@noaa.gov

Science (New York, N.Y.)
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概括
此摘要是机器生成的。

气候变化正在增加极端天气事件,影响人类基础设施和野生动物. 观测和建模数据显示,降水量增加和温度极端变化,影响生态系统和物种生存.

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科学领域:

  • 环境科学 环境科学
  • 气候科学 气候科学
  • 生态生态学 生态生态学

背景情况:

  • 气候变化是一个重大的全球性问题.
  • 极端天气事件带来越来越大的风险.
  • 社会基础设施和自然生态系统容易受到气候变化的影响.

研究的目的:

  • 分析气候变化对极端天气事件的影响.
  • 调查气候极端的观察和建模变化.
  • 了解对自然和人类系统的后果.

主要方法:

  • 对降水和极端温度的观测数据的分析.
  • 评估气候模型对未来极端事件的输出.
  • 生物对极端天气反应的记录.

主要成果:

  • 降水变化在极端被放大.
  • 观察到的变化包括变化的温度极端.
  • 气候模型预测极端热量增加,极端寒冷减少,降水量增加.
  • 生物系统显示气候诱导变化的速度越来越高.

结论:

  • 气候变化显然增加了极端天气事件的频率和强度.
  • 这些极端对社会基础设施构成重大风险.
  • 野生植物和动物种群正在经历广泛的,气候驱动的变化,包括范围转移和现象学变化.