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Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II03:35

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization
Stereoisomerism02:52

Stereoisomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene01:13

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.
Radical Reactivity: Intramolecular vs Intermolecular01:33

Radical Reactivity: Intramolecular vs Intermolecular

Radical reactions can occur either intermolecularly or intramolecularly. In an intermolecular radical reaction, a nucleophilic radical adds to an electrophilic alkene or vice versa. In such reactions, the radical and generally the alkene, which is also called the radical trap, are two different molecules. Additionally, for such intermolecular reactions to occur, the radical trap must be active, present in an excess concentration, and the radical starting material must have a weak carbon–halogen...
Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride01:26

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
The bonds formed in this reaction are stronger than the bonds broken, making it energetically favorable. The reaction follows a radical chain mechanism similar to radical halogenation reactions,...

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Constraining of small-ring cyclic ether triads by stereodefined spiroannulation to an inositol orthoformate platform. Solution- and gas-phase alkali metal binding affinities for three- to five-membered ring structural combinations.

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选择性离子结合涉及基于伊诺西的tris ((spirotetrahydrofuranyl) 离子体:从同类二元体的同类二元体形成一个棒状的超分子离子聚合物.

L A Paquette1, J Tae

  • 1Evans Chemical Laboratories, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|July 18, 2001
PubMed
概括

研究人员探索了从myo-inositol orthoformate中合成螺旋四基环的立体选择性合成. 用甲酸预复杂化证明在这种新型异环化学中对立体控制是有效的.

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科学领域:

  • 有机化学 有机化学
  • 超分子化学 超分子化学
  • 材料科学 材料科学 材料科学

背景情况:

  • 肌氨基醇正形剂作为复杂分子合成的多功能支架.
  • 聚化化合物的选择性功能化仍然是一个合成挑战.
  • 具有特定金属离子选择性的离子体的开发对于化学传感和分离至关重要.

研究的目的:

  • 为了研究螺旋四基环在myo-inositol正态核上的立体选择性合成.
  • 评估使用甲酸 (LiClO(4) 预复杂化作为立体导向策略的实用性.
  • 描述与离子结合的新型异环联体的离子结合特性和复合行为.

主要方法:

  • 在myo-inositol orthoformate框架上对异环成分的连续引入.
  • 使用LiClO(4) 的预复杂化来控制合成过程中的立体化学.
  • 对金属离子协调能力的量化,特别是对于离子 (Li+).
  • 合成和表征一个二度联体 (36) 和其复合物与各种盐 (LiClO(4),LiBF(4),酸盐).

主要成果:

  • 成功的立体选择性取代基组与螺旋四基环,引导C-O键向内.
  • 证明了对Li+结合的形状受限联体的高选择性.
  • 观察到2:1联体到Li+复合物的偏好形成,最小的1:1复合.
  • 该二度联体形成了带有LiClO ((4) 或LiBF ((4) 的棒状离子聚合物,以及带有皮克拉特的双盖式同位素复合物.

结论:

  • 序列合成协议,辅助LiClO(4) 预复杂化,有效地控制了myo-inositol orthoformate功能化的立体化学.
  • 设计的配体表现出优异的选择性和离子复合的特定固态度.
  • 该研究提出了新的异环结构,在离子识别和材料科学中具有潜在的应用.