二元开关和基因组生物学的修改磁带,以及其他领域
Wolfgang Fischle1, Yanming Wang, C David Allis
1Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA.
Nature
|October 3, 2003
概括
对基因调节至关重要的基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因基因. 像"二进制开关"和"修改磁带"这样的新概念解释了细胞如何读取这些多样化的基因素标记,为稳定的修改动态提供了模型.
科学领域:
- 表观遗传学 在表观遗传学中,表观遗传学是指表观遗传学.
- 分子生物学分子生物学
- 蛋白质组学是指蛋白质组学.
背景情况:
- 基因组蛋白经历了许多翻译后的修改,影响了生物过程.
- 了解这些修改的复杂性和密度仍然是一个挑战.
研究的目的:
- 引入新的概念框架,以了解组织蛋白修饰模式.
- 提出用于生物读取基因组修饰的机制.
主要方法:
- 基因素修饰动态的假设建模.
- 文献综述和现有数据的综合.
主要成果:
- 引入"二进制开关"和"修改盒"作为概念.
- 开发模型来解释稳定质子修饰的动态读数.
结论:
- 这些概念为解释复杂的基因组修饰模式提供了一个框架.
- 拟议的模型解决了基质子生物学中长期存在的问题,并可能适用于其他蛋白质.
相关概念视频
01:58X-Inactivation
The human X chromosome contains over ten times the number of genes as in the Y chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, and females have two, one might expect females to produce twice as many of the proteins, with undesirable results.
02:32Position-effect Variegation
In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
02:32Histone Modification
The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
02:25Spreading of Chromatin Modifications
The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
01:24Caspases
Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside cells.
02:32Histone Modification
The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...