概括
国家卫生研究院 (NIH) 关于对人类基因组序列进行专利的建议在法律上有缺陷,并阻碍了生物技术研究. 在未证明其有用性之前控制原始遗传材料阻碍了科学进步.
科学领域:
- 生物技术法 生物技术法
- 知识产权知识产权知识产权
- 基因组研究 基因组研究
背景情况:
- 美国国家卫生研究院 (NIH) 提出专利专利的产品仅来自人类基因组测序.
- 该提案提出了关于生物技术知识产权的重大法律和道德问题.
- 在科学原料在实际应用之前进行控制是一个越来越令人担忧的问题.
研究的目的:
- 分析人类基因组序列专利的法律和伦理影响.
- 根据现有的专利法,特别是"有用性"要求,批评NIH的提案.
- 提出解决方案来解决更广泛的问题,即控制基础科学发现.
主要方法:
- 关于"有用性"和"自然产品"的专利法的法律分析.
- 审查NIH的提案及其对生物技术创新的潜在影响.
- 审查现有的法律框架和政策建议.
主要成果:
- 美国国家卫生研究院的提案被认为是法律上有疑问的,可能违反专利法的要求.
- 在确定实际实用性之前对原始基因组数据进行专利,会杀科学实验和创新.
- 当前的法律制度可能不足以处理基础生物技术发现的专利.
结论:
- 美国国家卫生研究院 (NIH) 关于对人类基因组序列进行专利的建议是不明智的,并且在法律上是不合理的.
- 需要对专利法进行更广泛的重新评估,以解决生物技术中科学原材料的控制问题.
- 为行政部门,国会和法院提供建议,以纠正这些问题.
相关概念视频
Homologous Recombination
The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
Gene Conversion
Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation
Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
Genome Copying Errors
DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.
Gene Duplication and Divergence
The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
Restriction Enzymes
Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes used to cut DNA in a sequence-specific manner. To cleave DNA, they bind to specific palindromic sequences called restriction sites. Such palindromic DNA sequences or inverted repeats are commonly found in regions of functional significance, such as the origin of replication, gene operator sites, and regions containing transcription termination signals.
The host bacteria protect their own genomic DNA from these enzymes by methylating these sites. Some...
The host bacteria protect their own genomic DNA from these enzymes by methylating these sites. Some...


