人类消费净初级生产的全球模式
Marc L Imhoff1, Lahouari Bounoua, Taylor Ricketts
1Biospheric Sciences Branch, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA. Marc.L.Imhoff@nasa.gov
Nature
|June 25, 2004
概括
人性 人性 人性 人性 人性
科学领域:
- 生态生态学 生态生态学
- 环境科学 环境科学
- 人类生态人类生态学
背景情况:
- 人类消费对地球生态系统产生重大影响.
- 净初级生产 (HANPP) 的人类占用是评估这一影响的关键指标.
- HANPP影响生物多样性,大气组成和生态系统服务.
研究的目的:
- 为了绘制全球净初级生产 (NPP) 需求和供应的地图.
- 为了分析HANPP的空间变化.
- 了解人类对核电站进口的依赖.
主要方法:
- 全球绘制人类所需的核电站的地图.
- 人类核电需求与景观产生的核电需求的比较.
- 推导一个空间核电站供需资产负债表.
主要成果:
- 人类对净初级生产的占有率在不同地区之间存在很大差异.
- 一些地区的核电站比当地生产的要多得多.
- 分析显示,全球消费足迹不均,核电站对进口的依赖程度不均.
结论:
- 人类消费对全球生态系统产生空间不均的影响.
- 了解NPP拨款对于可持续的资源管理至关重要.
- 政策干预可以帮助减轻未来HANPP的增加.
相关概念视频
First Law of Thermodynamics
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Trophic Levels
All organisms in an ecosystem occupy a trophic level in the food chain. The lowest level consists of primary producers, which synthesize their food from either solar or chemical energy. Each subsequent level obtains energy from the levels below. Detritivores can occupy any of the levels above primary producers.
Primary Production
The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
Production Efficiency
Net production efficiency (NPE) is the efficiency at which organisms assimilate energy into biomass for the next trophic level. Due to low metabolic rates and less energy spent on thermoregulatory processes, the NPE of ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) is 10 times higher than endotherms (warm-blooded animals).
Global Climate Change
Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
Threats to Biodiversity
There have been five major extinction events throughout geological history, resulting in the elimination of biodiversity, followed by a rebound of species that adapted to the new conditions. In the current geological epoch, the Holocene, there is a sixth extinction event in progress. This mass extinction has been attributed to human activities and is thus provisionally called the Anthropocene. In 2019 the human population reached 7.7 billion people and is projected to comprise 10 billion by...


