火山爆发后生物有效的紫外线辐射的增强
A M Vogelmann1, T P Ackerman, R P Turco
1Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
Nature
|September 3, 1992
概括
大规模的火山爆发可以耗尽臭氧,但它们对表面紫外线辐射的影响是复杂的. 研究表明,臭氧消耗可以通过超过气溶散射来增加生物有效的紫外线辐射 (UV-BE).
科学领域:
- 大气科学 大气科学
- 环境科学 环境科学
- 臭氧层研究 臭氧层研究
背景情况:
- 大规模的火山喷发将气溶注入平流层.
- 高层层气溶可以影响大气化学,可能通过异质反应导致臭氧破坏.
- 火山气溶对表面紫外线 (UV) 辐射的净影响是复杂的,因为臭氧消耗和光散射的竞争因素.
研究的目的:
- 量化来自El Chichón (1982) 和Pinatubo山 (1991) 的火山气溶对地球表面生物有效紫外线 (UV-BE) 辐射的影响.
- 为了确定臭氧损耗或增加的光散射是否主导大火山爆发后表面UV-BE的变化.
主要方法:
- 利用辐射转移模型来模拟大气条件和辐射转移.
- 地球表面生物有效紫外线 (UV-BE) 辐射的估计变化.
- 分析了来自El Chichón和Pinatubo火山爆发的数据.
主要成果:
- 埃尔奇松和皮纳图博山的喷发都导致了表面UV-BE强度的增加.
- 紫外线BE的增加归因于臭氧消耗效应比气溶引起的散射增加更为显著.
- 模型模拟证实了生物破坏性紫外线辐射到达表面的净增加.
结论:
- 火山气溶注入平流层可能会导致表面生物有效紫外线辐射的净增加.
- 臭氧层消耗是推动大火山爆发后表面UV-BE增加的一个关键因素,它取代了气溶的散射效应.
- 了解这些复杂的相互作用对于评估火山活动对环境和生物的影响至关重要.
相关概念视频
Nucleotide Excision Repair
Overview
Biological Effects of Radiation
All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they produce ions...
Ultraviolet and Visible (UV–Vis) Spectroscopy: Overview
Ultraviolet–visible (UV–visible or UV–Vis) spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the interaction between matter and UV–Vis light within the electromagnetic spectrum. This method is widely used for its versatility, simplicity, and relatively quick data acquisition, making it valuable for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. When UV–Vis radiation passes through a material, molecules absorb light depending on the energy required for electronic transitions. As a result...
Mutations
Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
Nucleotide Excision Repair
DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
Microbial Bioremediation of Uranium
Microorganisms play a critical role in the transformation and immobilization of uranium in contaminated environments through four main pathways: bioreduction, biosorption, bioaccumulation, and biomineralization. These mechanisms reduce uranium’s toxicity and prevent its migration through groundwater systems, offering sustainable approaches for in situ bioremediation.Bioreduction of UraniumBioreduction is driven by anaerobic bacteria such as certain strains of Geobacter and Shewanella, which use...


