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相关概念视频

Urea Cycle01:23

Urea Cycle

The urea cycle describes how liver cells convert ammonia to urea. Ammonia is a toxic waste product of protein catabolism. Land animals must convert ammonia into the less toxic urea which can be safely eliminated by the kidneys through urine. Marine animals excrete ammonia directly, and the surrounding water dilutes the ammonia to safe levels.
Fates of Pyruvate01:20

Fates of Pyruvate

Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
In aerobic organisms, pyruvate is metabolized via the citric acid cycle to produce reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These coenzymes are then oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce ATP and, in the process, regenerate the NAD+ and FAD. As seen in some cell types and organisms, fermentation...
Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
The largest pool of nitrogen available in the terrestrial ecosystem is gaseous nitrogen (N2) from the air, but this nitrogen...
Microbial Fermentation01:23

Microbial Fermentation

Fermentation is a crucial anaerobic metabolic process that enables microbes to derive energy from sugar without relying on oxygen or an electron transport chain. This process is fundamental to various biological and industrial applications and is classified based on the metabolic products generated.Role of Pyruvate in FermentationPyruvate and its derivatives serve as key electron acceptors in fermentative pathways. The oxidation of NADH to regenerate NAD+ is essential for the continuation of...
Production of Alcohol01:27

Production of Alcohol

Continuous fermentation is a key strategy in industrial ethanol production, particularly when efficiency, scalability, and high yields are essential. This approach allows for uninterrupted operation and optimized resource utilization. The primary feedstock, corn starch, undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis facilitated by α-amylase and glucoamylase. These enzymes break down the starch into fermentable sugars such as glucose, which are readily assimilated by fermentative microorganisms.Fermentation...
Production of Organic Acids01:25

Production of Organic Acids

Lactic acid, an important organic acid extensively applied in food, pharmaceutical, and biodegradable polymer industries, is primarily produced via microbial fermentation. This method is favored over chemical synthesis due to its environmental sustainability and capacity for enantiomerically pure product formation. Among various microbial processes, the fermentation of starch-based substrates stands out due to the abundance and renewability of raw materials like corn and potatoes.Hydrolysis of...

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相关实验视频

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass
09:30

Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass

Published on: April 18, 2020

将氨酸转化为基米氨酸:表面循环的作用

L Hedstrom1, L Szilagyi, W J Rutter

  • 1Hormone Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0534.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|March 6, 1992
PubMed
概括
此摘要是机器生成的。

改变试素的改变

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A Novel Method for the Pentosan Analysis Present in Jute Biomass and Its Conversion into Sugar Monomers Using Acidic Ionic Liquid
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A Novel Method for the Pentosan Analysis Present in Jute Biomass and Its Conversion into Sugar Monomers Using Acidic Ionic Liquid

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Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy
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A Novel Method for the Pentosan Analysis Present in Jute Biomass and Its Conversion into Sugar Monomers Using Acidic Ionic Liquid

Published on: June 1, 2018

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy
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Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

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科学领域:

  • 生物化学 生化学
  • 酶学 是一种酶学.
  • 蛋白质工程是指蛋白质工程.

背景情况:

  • 素和胆素是类似结构但具有不同的基质特异性的血清蛋白酶.
  • 素在基本残留物 (Arg,Lys) 之后分裂,而基米素则准大型疏水性残留物.
  • 了解这些特异性差异可以为向应用的酶工程提供信息.

研究的目的:

  • 调查青素和化学青素基质特异性的结构决定因素.
  • 为了设计一种素突变的基质特异性类似于基素的素突变.
  • 阐明S1结合部位和表面环在酶催化和区分中的作用.

主要方法:

  • 用局部导向的突变发生来用化学素残留物取代素的S1结合部位.
  • 进一步的修改包括在辛和化学辛之间交换表面环 (残留物185-188和221-225).
  • 在野生类型和突变酶上进行了酶动力学和基质结合试验.

主要成果:

  • 仅仅替换S1位点就转移了酶特异性,但没有转移胺解特异性.
  • 突变S1位点和特定的表面环都将氨酸转化为一种类似于化学氨酸的酶.
  • 改造的突变体表现出甲基胺的催化率,但其基质结合功能受损.
  • 突变物体的基质歧视发生在化过程中,而不是结合,类似于基米.

结论:

  • 表面环,不直接是活性部位的一部分,显著影响蛋白酶基质的特异性.
  • 酶特异性是活性部位和远程结构元素之间的复杂相互作用.
  • 这项研究提供了对蛋白质工程的见解,用于创建具有新型催化性能的酶.