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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

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Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
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Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character02:48

Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character

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离子液体和固体等价的HF氨基多聚 (化) 复合体,产生高效的环保的异布丁-异布丁烯化.

George A Olah1, Thomas Mathew, Alain Goeppert

  • 1Donald P. and Katherine B. Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, USA. olah@usc.edu

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|April 21, 2005
PubMed
概括

使用固定化 (HF) 复合体的新型"绿色"催化剂提供了更安全的,高十度的异二烯-二烯基化. 这些离子液体和固体催化剂保持高频活动,同时减少来自挥发性高频的环境危害.

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科学领域:

  • 催化剂是一种催化剂.
  • 绿色化学 绿色化学
  • 石油精炼 石油精炼 石油精炼

背景情况:

  • 传统的化过程通常依赖于危险和挥发性的催化剂,如无水化 (HF).
  • 尽量减少环境风险和提高安全性是碳化合物加工中的酸催化的主要挑战.
  • 开发具有降低挥发率和可比或优异性能的替代催化系统是必不可少的.

研究的目的:

  • 为了研究新型固定聚化)) 催化剂的异甲烯基化.
  • 评估液体和固体聚 (化) 复合物的有效性,作为HF等效催化剂.
  • 评估这些新的"绿色"催化剂系统的环境效益和催化性能.

主要方法:

  • 使用各种氨基和含的聚合物合成液体和固体聚 (化) 催化剂.
  • 测试这些催化剂在异黄-奥莱芬化反应,特别是异布-异布和2-布化.
  • 对酸盐产量和八度数 (RON) 的分析.
  • 评估催化剂的波动性和环境影响.

主要成果:

  • 通过使用液体和固体催化剂系统,获得了优异的高酸酸盐产量 (高达RON = 94).
  • 固定催化剂表现出强大的催化性能,与传统的高频催化剂相美.
  • 与自由HF相比,聚化复合体的挥发性显著降低,从而最大限度地降低了环境危害.

结论:

  • 包括离子液体和固体复合体在内的固定聚化化催化剂,代表了异甲-烯基化的一种可行的"绿色"替代方案.
  • 这些新的催化剂系统有效地维持了高频的高活性,同时大大减轻了相关的环境风险.
  • 该开发为石油炼油行业更安全,更可持续的实践提供了有前途的途径.