土地使用的全球后果
Jonathan A Foley1, Ruth Defries, Gregory P Asner
1Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), University of Wisconsin, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53726, USA. jfoley@wisc.edu
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|July 26, 2005
概括
由人类需求驱动的全球土地利用变化正在影响全球的生态系统. 管理这些变化对于平衡即时需求与生物圈长期健康至关重要.
科学领域:
- 环境科学 环境科学
- 全球生态学全球生态学
- 可持续性科学 可持续性科学
背景情况:
- 土地利用变化越来越被认为是一个全球性的环境问题,而不仅仅是局部问题.
- 人类活动是由超过60亿人的食物和住所等资源需求驱动的,正在全球范围内改变森林,农田和水道.
- 耕地,牧场,种植园和城市地区的扩张导致了能源,水和肥料消耗的增加,以及生物多样性的显著丧失.
研究的目的:
- 突出土地利用变化的全球意义.
- 检查人类扩大土地利用对地球资源和生态系统服务的影响.
- 为平衡人类需求与生物圈的长期能力所面临的挑战提供框架.
主要方法:
- 本研究主要是对全球土地使用变化现有知识的综合和分析.
- 它回顾了土地利用扩张的趋势以及相关的资源消耗和生物多样性影响.
- 这项研究综合了这些变化对生态系统功能和服务的影响.
主要成果:
- 全球土地使用量大幅扩大,对地球资源的需求增加.
- 与此相关的资源消耗和生物多样性丧失的增加在世界各地是显而易见的.
- 人类通过土地使用变化对地球资源的占用可能会损害生态系统服务.
结论:
- 土地利用变化是全球环境转变的主要驱动因素,具有深远的影响.
- 迫切需要管理人类直接需求与保护重要生态系统服务之间的权衡.
- 可持续的土地管理对于维持生物圈长期支持生命的能力至关重要.
更多相关视频
相关概念视频
01:14The Carbon Cycle
Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
01:50Global Climate Change
Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
01:50Threats to Biodiversity
There have been five major extinction events throughout geological history, resulting in the elimination of biodiversity, followed by a rebound of species that adapted to the new conditions. In the current geological epoch, the Holocene, there is a sixth extinction event in progress. This mass extinction has been attributed to human activities and is thus provisionally called the Anthropocene. In 2019 the human population reached 7.7 billion people and is projected to comprise 10 billion by...
02:22The Colonization of Land
Changes in the environment of the early Earth drove the evolution of organisms. As prokaryotic organisms in the oceans began to photosynthesize, they produced oxygen. Eventually, oxygen saturated the oceans and entered the air, resulting in an increase in atmospheric oxygen concentration, known as the oxygen revolution approximately 2.3 billion years ago. Therefore, organisms that could use oxygen for cellular respiration had an advantage. More than 1.5 years ago, eukaryotic cells and...
02:23The Soil Ecosystem
Plants obtain inorganic minerals and water from the soil, which acts as a natural medium for land plants. The composition and quality of soil depend not only on the chemical constituents but also on the presence of living organisms. In general, soils contain three major components:
01:29Soil Microbial Ecology
Soil microbial ecology is defined by highly diverse, spatially structured communities that drive nutrient cycling, organic matter turnover, and overall ecosystem stability. Although a gram of soil can contain thousands of bacterial and archaeal taxa, the ecological processes they mediate are even more crucial for sustaining terrestrial life.Microhabitats and NichesSoil is a heterogeneous mixture of minerals, organic matter, water, and air. Microbes inhabit distinct microhabitats formed by...