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相关概念视频

Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
tRNA Activation02:26

tRNA Activation

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to 20 amino acids, many bacteria do not have genes for all of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Despite this, they still use all 20 amino acids to synthesize their proteins. For instance, some bacteria do not have the gene encoding the enzyme that couples glutamine with its partner tRNA. In these organisms, one enzyme adds glutamic acid to all of the...
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
tRNA Activation02:26

tRNA Activation

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to 20 amino acids, many bacteria do not have genes for all of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Despite this, they still use all 20 amino acids to synthesize their proteins. For instance, some bacteria do not have the gene encoding the enzyme that couples glutamine with its partner tRNA. In these organisms, one enzyme adds glutamic acid to all of the...

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相关实验视频

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Isolation of Translating Ribosomes Containing Peptidyl-tRNAs for Functional and Structural Analyses
11:19

Isolation of Translating Ribosomes Containing Peptidyl-tRNAs for Functional and Structural Analyses

Published on: February 26, 2011

在tRNA中的动态过渡是溶剂诱导的.

Gokhan Caliskan1, Robert M Briber, D Thirumalai

  • 1Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218-2685, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|January 5, 2006
PubMed
概括

化转移RNA (tRNA) 和酶表现出类似的动态过渡,表明溶剂诱导. 甲基团在宏分子中的这种过渡过程中似乎不那么重要.

科学领域:

  • 生物物理学的生物物理.
  • 结构生物学 结构生物学
  • 生物化学 生物化学

背景情况:

  • 蛋白质和RNA具有不同的架构和骨干结构.
  • 生物巨分子经历了由环境影响的动态转变.
  • 了解这些转变是理解分子功能的关键.

研究的目的:

  • 用中子散射光谱学研究转移RNA (tRNA) 的动态.
  • 将tRNA的动态行为与蛋白质的动态行为进行比较,例如lyszyme.
  • 探索溶剂和甲基在宏分子动态中的作用.

主要方法:

  • 用中子散射光谱学研究tRNA动态.
  • 在类似的条件下分析了水合tRNA和水合lyszyme.
  • 进行了动态过渡温度的比较分析.

主要成果:

  • 化tRNA在与化lyszyme相同的温度下经历动态转换.
  • 这种相似性支持一种溶剂诱导的动态过渡机制.
  • 缺少重要的甲基组的tRNA表明,它们不是这种过渡的主要驱动因素.

结论:

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Published on: December 29, 2021

Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation
12:26

Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation

Published on: February 12, 2022

  • 生物巨分子如tRNA和蛋白质的动态转换主要是溶剂诱导的.
  • 甲基组可能不是一般动态过渡的主要贡献者.
  • 然而,甲基组可能会解释tRNA和lyszyme在低温动态中观察到的差异.