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相关概念视频

Electrolysis03:00

Electrolysis

In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...
Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions02:15

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...
Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
Sublimation01:03

Sublimation

Sublimation is the direct transformation of a solid to a gaseous state. For instance, at standard pressure and room temperature, solid carbon dioxide sublimes to gaseous carbon dioxide. The phase diagram depicts the conditions required for sublimation. This process occurs at the solid-gas phase boundary and is not observed above the triple point of the substance. The reverse of sublimation is called deposition, where a gaseous substance condenses directly into a solid. Sublimation and...
Coagulation01:06

Coagulation

Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
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Downstream processing begins once fermentation is complete and involves a series of steps to recover and purify products such as acids, vitamins, antibiotics, or proteins.Cell HarvestingFor example, for intracellular protein-based products, the first step is harvesting the cells. This is typically achieved using centrifugation or filtration to separate the cells from the liquid phase.Cell Disruption for Intracellular ProductsIf the target product is intracellular, the harvested cells must be...

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相关实验视频

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Selective Area Modification of Silicon Surface Wettability by Pulsed UV Laser Irradiation in Liquid Environment
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Published on: November 9, 2015

在离子液体中进行双相水化:一种用于工业实施的工艺.

Tilmann J Geldbach1, Dongbin Zhao, Nikola C Castillo

  • 1Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|July 27, 2006
PubMed
概括

像[C(4) py][BF(4) ]这样的离子液体促进了1-hexadecene的双相化. 催化剂,特别是K(2) PtCl(4) 和Pt(PPh(3)) ((4),显示出这种反应的最佳活性和稳定性.

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科学领域:

  • 催化剂是一种催化剂.
  • 有机金属化学 有机金属化学
  • 材料科学 材料科学 材料科学

背景情况:

  • 水化是化学中的一个关键反应.
  • 离子液体为催化提供独特的溶剂特性.
  • 催化剂被广泛使用,但可能会遭受失活和漏.

研究的目的:

  • 通过使用西洛B9800.00来研究1-hexadecene的双相化.
  • 为此反应确定最佳的离子液体和预催化剂.
  • 了解反应参数和杂质对催化性能的影响.

主要方法:

  • 选各种离子液体,包括[C(4) py][BF(4) ]和[C(4) -3-pic][BF(4) ].
  • 评估前催化剂,如K) PtCl) 和Pt) Pph) 3)) 4).
  • 反应参数的系统变化和污染物 (氧气,水,) 影响的评估.

主要成果:

  • [C(4) py][BF(4) ]和[C(4)-3-pic][BF(4) ]显示了催化活性和保留的最佳平衡.
  • K(2) PtCl(4) 产生了最高的活性,而Pt(PPh(3)) ((4) 提供了优越的稳定性和可回收性.
  • 反应可以通过同质或可溶性纳米粒子催化剂进行,而没有稳定策略可以提高性能.

结论:

  • 特定的离子液体和前催化剂可以有效地调解1-hexadecene的双相化.
  • 反应条件和杂质显著影响催化剂性能和物种化 (同质与纳米粒子).
  • 在这个系统中进一步稳定纳米粒子催化剂并没有提高催化效率.