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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Postsynaptic Recordings at Afferent Dendrites Contacting Cochlear Inner Hair Cells: Monitoring Multivesicular Release at a Ribbon Synapse
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Postsynaptic Recordings at Afferent Dendrites Contacting Cochlear Inner Hair Cells: Monitoring Multivesicular Release at a Ribbon Synapse

Published on: February 11, 2011

声波刺在德里希提亚中的功能和附属物图案的演变

Randall D Dahn1, Marcus C Davis, William N Pappano

  • 1Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.

Nature
|December 26, 2006
PubMed
概括

声波刺 (Shh) 基因调节在脊椎动物配对附属体进化中得到了深度保护. 孔德里希提亚人与光鱼和四足动物共享Shh表达和功能模式,揭示了保存的遗传机制.

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Hair Cells01:22

Hair Cells

Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
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The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Characteristics of OpAmp

The operational amplifier, commonly known as an op-amp, is a specially designed electronic circuit component. Its purpose is to work in conjunction with other circuit elements to execute a defined signal-processing operation. Consider an equivalent circuit model of an op-amp, as depicted in Figure 1; the output section comprises a voltage-controlled source in parallel with the output resistance Ro.
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Characteristics of Practical Op Amps

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The ratio of differential gain to the common-mode gain is defined as the common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR). This ratio quantifies the ability of operational amplifiers (op-amps) to reject common-mode...
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Instrumentation Amplifier

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To overcome this challenge, an ECG machine utilizes an instrumentation amplifier. This specialized amplifier is...
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Design Example

The innovation of touch-tone telephony revolutionized the telecommunications industry by replacing the traditional rotary dial with a dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling system. This system uses a matrix-style keypad with buttons arranged in four rows and three columns, creating 12 distinct signals each assigned to a pair of frequencies. Each button press results in a simultaneous generation of two sinusoidal tones – one from a low-frequency group (697 to 941 Hz) and one from a...