概括
联邦对非国防研究和开发的资助优先考虑基础研究和学生培训. 基础研究的资金,特别是大学的资金,大幅增加,新的项目专注于工程和跨部门合作.
科学领域:
- 科学和技术政策政策 科学和技术政策
- 研究和开发融资研究和开发融资
- 高等教育 高等教育
背景情况:
- 政府的优先事项已经转向增加联邦对基础研究的支持.
- 基础研究已经成为非国防研发支出中最大的组成部分.
- 基于大学的研究已经看到实质性的实时增长.
研究的目的:
- 概述政府对联邦支持非国防研究和开发的优先事项.
- 突出基础研究资金的增长,特别是在大学内.
- 为1985财年推出新的项目,重点是工程和跨部门合作.
主要方法:
- 在四年时间内分析联邦研发支出趋势.
- 检查基础研究资金分配的转变.
- 审查1985财年新计划倡议.
主要成果:
- 基础研究已经发展成为非国防研发支出中最大的组成部分.
- 联邦对大学基础研究的资助实际上增加了26%.
- 新计划正在实施,以促进工程教育和研究.
结论:
- 联邦研发政策越来越专注于基础科学调查和劳动力发展.
- 大学是执行基础研究和培训计划的核心.
- 学术界,政府实验室和工业之间加强合作是关键目标.
相关概念视频
01:14Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming
Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
01:24Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming
Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
01:24Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition
A revisionist approach to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has brought new insights that challenge and reinterpret his established ideas. Piaget proposed that the formal operational stage, emerging in adolescence, represents the culmination of cognitive maturity. During this stage, individuals are said to develop abstract thinking, engage in systematic problem-solving, and show a form of egocentrism, believing others are as preoccupied with their behavior as they are themselves.
01:29Environmental Influences on Intelligence
Despite the strong genetic influence on traits like intelligence, environmental factors significantly shape outcomes. For example, while over 90% of height variation is due to genetic differences, environmental factors such as nutrition also have a notable impact. Similarly, for intelligence, changes in a child's surroundings can significantly alter their IQ. Research shows that enriched environments boost children's academic success and help them develop key cognitive skills. Children from...
01:13Psychology as a Science
Psychology, as a scientific discipline, aims to understand the mind and behavior through rigorous and systematic methods. The foundation of psychological research is evidence-based, relying heavily on the scientific method to derive and validate knowledge. This structured approach ensures that findings are reliable, valid, and applicable to broader contexts.
The scientific method in psychology involves six critical steps: making observations, formulating hypotheses, conducting tests, analyzing...
The scientific method in psychology involves six critical steps: making observations, formulating hypotheses, conducting tests, analyzing...
01:11Radical Reactivity: Overview
Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired molecule. These three...