概括
宗教和种族背景对美国科学家和学者产生重大影响. 高生产率的群体有共同的价值观,如自然主义和奉献精神,而低生产率的群体则持有截然不同的信念.
科学领域:
- 科学社会学科学社会学
- 文化研究 文化研究
- 人口统计数据 人口统计数据
背景情况:
- 在美国科学和学术博士学位的生产中存在地理,学士学位和社会阶级的变化.
- 这些变化与个体的宗教-种族群体关系有很大关系.
研究的目的:
- 分析宗教-民族背景与科学家和学者产生的关系.
- 在科学和学术领域识别与不同水平的生产力相关的特定信念和价值观.
主要方法:
- 分析反映博士学位生产中的地理,学士学位和社会阶级差异的数据.
- 生产力变化的相关性与宗教-民族群体的特征和相关的信仰体系.
主要成果:
- 罗马天主教徒和原教旨主义者/传统的新教徒是科学家和学者的低生产者.
- 自由的新教教派 (例如,统一派,奎克派) 和世俗化的犹太团体的生产力很高.
- 在较不自由的宗教信仰中观察到中间生产率,反映出价值观的混合.
结论:
- 群体的信念和价值观,包括自然主义,学习的内在价值,人类尊严,奉献精神和务实解决问题的价值观,与科学和学术生产力密切相关.
- 历史上的例子,比如犹太移民,证明了如何调整价值观 (例如,圣经的博学与世俗的学习),同时保持强调努力和责任,可以促进高生产力.
- 未来的生产率可能会受到社会运动的影响,这些社会运动会淡化长期努力的重要性,并专注于即时的满足或权力动态.
相关概念视频
02:44Heating and Cooling Curves
When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance, q, and its...
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance, q, and its...
01:07Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
Refrigerators or heat pumps are heat engines operating in a reverse direction. For a refrigerator, the focus is on removing heat from a specific area, whereas, for a heat pump, the focus is on dumping heat into one particular area. A refrigerator (or heat pump) absorbs heat Qc from the cold reservoir at Kelvin temperature Tc and discards heat Qh to the hot reservoir at Kelvin temperature Th, while work W is done on the engine’s working substance.
A household refrigerator removes heat from the...
A household refrigerator removes heat from the...
01:20Conduction, Convection and Radiation: Problem Solving
There are three methods by which heat transfer can take place: conduction, convection, and radiation. Each method has unique and interesting characteristics, but all three have two things in common: they transfer heat solely because of a temperature difference; and the greater the temperature difference, the faster the heat transfer.
In order to solve a problem related to heat transfer, first of all, the situation needs to be examined to determine the type of heat transfer involved. This could...
In order to solve a problem related to heat transfer, first of all, the situation needs to be examined to determine the type of heat transfer involved. This could...
01:19Mechanism of heat transfer
Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
01:12Heat Flow and Specific Heat
Heat is a type of energy transfer that is caused by a temperature difference, and it can change the temperature of an object. Since heat is a form of energy, its SI unit is the joule (J). Another common unit of energy often used for heat is the calorie (cal), which is defined as the energy needed to change the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 °C, specifically between 14.5 °C and 15.5 °C, since the energy needed shows a slight temperature dependence. Another commonly used unit is the kilocalorie...
01:14Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant heat.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant heat.