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相关概念视频

Bonding in Metals02:32

Bonding in Metals

45.1K
Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
45.1K
Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

28.1K
Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
28.1K
Degree of Unsaturation02:05

Degree of Unsaturation

9.7K
The degree of unsaturation (U), or index of hydrogen deficiency (IHD), is defined as the difference in the number of pairs of hydrogen atoms between the compound and the acyclic alkane with the same number of carbon atoms. Each double bond or ring costs two hydrogen atoms compared to a saturated analog and results in one degree of unsaturation.
The degree of unsaturation for hydrocarbons is U = (2C + 2 − H) / 2, where C is the number of carbon atoms and H is the number of hydrogen atoms.
9.7K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

1.7K
Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
1.7K
Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

2.8K
Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
2.8K
Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

2.9K
In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
2.9K

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相关实验视频

Updated: Apr 28, 2026

Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory
06:04

Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory

Published on: November 16, 2013

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在上层地幔的金属和.

Arno Rohrbach1, Chris Ballhaus, Ute Golla-Schindler

  • 1Mineralogisches-Petrologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Bonn, Poppelsdorfer Schloss, 53115 Bonn, Germany. rohrbaa@web.de

Nature
|September 28, 2007
PubMed
概括

地球上层地幔的氧化是一种浅层现象,仅限于最上层250公里. 较深的天气层可能含有稳定的金属铁,影响地幔岩石学和挥发性含量.

科学领域:

  • 地质化学 地质化学
  • 矿物物理 矿物物理
  • 地力学是什么?地力学是什么?

背景情况:

  • 氧气流动性 (fO2) 是地幔岩石学中的一个关键变量,影响融化,挥发性溶解度和质学.
  • 最上层的地幔看起来已经氧化,能够储存H2O和CO2等挥发性物质.
  • 目前尚不确定这种氧化浅地幔是否代表整个上层地幔.

研究的目的:

  • 为了研究更深层的天气层的氧气流动性和氧化还原状态.
  • 为了确定金属铁在地球地幔内250公里以上的深度是否稳定.

主要方法:

  • 在高压实验中合成地幔矿物质 (氧,石榴石).
  • 实验在超过7 GPa的压力下与金属铁 (Fe) 在平衡状态下进行.
  • 对合成矿物质中铁铁的结合进行分析.

主要成果:

  • 在 >7 GPa 合成的地幔矿物质在与金属 Fe.平衡时含有大量的铁.
  • 这表明,大约在250公里深度以下的地幔已经缩小到足以使 (Fe,Ni) 金属稳定.
  • 上层地幔的氧化性质很可能是一个浅层现象.

结论:

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  • 地球的上层地幔没有均的氧化;降低和金属和发生在~250公里以下.
  • 氧化局限于浅层,影响我们对地幔过程的理解.
  • 这一发现修改了地幔氧化还原状态的模型及其对挥发性循环的影响.