在歌鸟的声乐练习期间,听觉反的神经处理
Georg B Keller1, Richard H R Hahnloser
1Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
Nature
|November 14, 2008
概括
科学家们在歌鸟中发现了听觉神经元,这些神经元可以检测声音反中的错误,这对于学习和适应歌曲至关重要. 这些神经元有助于区分自我产生的声音与外部噪音,有助于声乐发育.
科学领域:
- 神经科学是一个神经科学.
- 生物声学是一种生物声学.
- 动物行为 动物行为
背景情况:
- 歌鸟是研究声学和感官运动处理的模型,因为它们的复杂发音.
- 听觉反监测对于在杂的环境中进行声乐交流和歌曲学习至关重要.
- 之前的研究未能在传统的歌曲控制区域内识别响应声听反的神经元.
研究的目的:
- 调查听觉前脑神经元在处理已建立的歌曲系统之外的声音听觉反中的作用.
- 了解这些神经元如何响应乱的听觉反在少年斑马的歌曲学习期间.
主要方法:
- 在歌唱和播放期间记录了青少年斑马的单个听觉前脑神经元活动.
- 在唱歌期间引入了短暂的,时间锁定的声学干扰,以听觉反.
- 对比神经元对未被扰乱的歌曲,被扰乱的歌曲和播放鸟儿自己的歌曲的反应.
主要成果:
- 神经元在唱歌和播放时表现出类似的尖峰反应,通常与歌曲反应略有领先.
- 听觉神经元对声学扰动表现出复杂的敏感性,无法从被动播放反应中预测.
- 识别了对回放扰动有反应但不对歌曲扰动 (镜像) 的神经元,以及对歌曲扰动有高度敏感但不对不被扰动的声音有反应的其他神经元.
结论:
- 前脑的听觉区域可能会检测到实际和内部建模的听觉反之间的错误,这对于语音学习至关重要.
- 反敏感的神经尖峰可以信号必要的运动调整歌曲的准确性和加强声乐探索.
- 这些发现表明,听觉前脑在语音反处理和自适应运动控制方面发挥了新角色.
相关概念视频
01:31Hearing
When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
01:17Auditory Perception
The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the cochlea, a...
01:15Auditory Pathway
Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...
01:13The Cochlea
The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
01:21Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location
The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by identifying...
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by identifying...
01:24Effects of feedback
Feedback in control systems plays a critical role in shaping various operational parameters, extending beyond simple error reduction to influence stability, bandwidth, gain, impedance, and sensitivity. Understanding these effects requires examining a basic feedback system characterized by defined input, output, error, and feedback signals.
Feedback significantly modifies the gain of a control system. The gain of a system without feedback is altered by a factor of one plus GH, where G represents...
Feedback significantly modifies the gain of a control system. The gain of a system without feedback is altered by a factor of one plus GH, where G represents...