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Phylogeny
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Phylogeny is concerned with the evolutionary diversification of organisms or groups of organisms. A group of organisms with a name is called a taxon (singular). Taxa (plural) can span different levels of the evolutionary hierarchy. For instance, the group containing all birds is a taxon (comprising the class Aves), and the group of all species of daisies (the genus Bellis) is a taxon. Phylogenies can likewise include just one genus (i.e., depict species relationships) or span an entire kingdom.
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Phylogenetic Trees
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Phylogenetic trees come in many forms. It matters in which sequence the organisms are arranged from the bottom to the top of the tree, but the branches can rotate at their nodes without altering the information. The lines connecting individual nodes can be straight, angled, or even curved.
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The Fossil Record
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The fossil record documents only a small fraction of all organisms that have ever inhabited Earth. Fossilization is a rare process, and most organisms never become fossils. Moreover, the fossil record only exhibits fossils that have been discovered. Nevertheless, sedimentary rock fossils of long-lived, abundant, hard-bodied organisms dominate the fossil record. These fossils offer valuable information, such as an organism's physical form, behavior, and age. Studying the fossil record helps...
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Synteny and Evolution
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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral...
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral...
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灵长类考古学 灵长类考古学
Michael Haslam1, Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar, Victoria Ling
1Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK. mah66@cam.ac.uk
Nature
|July 17, 2009
概括
现代人类广泛使用工具,但这种先进的工具使用在其他灵长类动物中没有观察到. 这项研究检查了灵长类动物的化石记录,以了解灵长类动物物种中工具使用的演变.
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科学领域:
- 灵长类动物的进化
- 人类学是人类学.
- 考古学的考古学
背景情况:
- 工具使用是现代人类的一个决定性特征,使他们能够克服解剖学的局限性.
- 进化轨迹和工具使用的程度在不同灵长类动物物种之间有很大差异.
- 了解灵长类动物工具使用的深层历史对于理解人类的独特性至关重要.
研究的目的:
- 调查灵长类中工具使用的进化历史.
- 探索灵长类物种之间工具使用的差异发展背后的原因.
- 分析材料记录以寻找长时间内灵长类动物使用工具的证据.
主要方法:
- 对灵长类动物的古生物学和考古学材料记录的检查.
- 在不同的灵长类动物谱系中对工具使用证据的比较分析.
- 对灵长类动物操纵行为演变的长期观点.
主要成果:
- 摘要不包含特定的结果.
- 需要进一步的研究来分析材料记录.
- 关于灵长类物种之间工具使用的比较数据有限.
结论:
- 灵长类动物工具使用的演变需要长期的,基于材料的视角.
- 研究灵长类化石记录对于了解工具使用的起源和多样性至关重要.
- 需要进一步的研究来阐明非人类灵长类动物工具使用的进化途径.


