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相关概念视频

Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Position-effect Variegation02:32

Position-effect Variegation

In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.

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相关实验视频

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Inherent Dynamics Visualizer, an Interactive Application for Evaluating and Visualizing Outputs from a Gene Regulatory Network Inference Pipeline
10:44

Inherent Dynamics Visualizer, an Interactive Application for Evaluating and Visualizing Outputs from a Gene Regulatory Network Inference Pipeline

Published on: December 7, 2021

基因表达分歧回顾了发育的沙钟模型.

Alex T Kalinka1, Karolina M Varga, Dave T Gerrard

  • 1Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.

Nature
|December 15, 2010
PubMed
概括

沙钟模型表明,动物的发育分歧最早和最晚. 这项研究揭示了基因表达在基因类型时期是最保守的,支持自然选择.

科学领域:

  • 发育生物学是发展生物学.
  • 进化生物学是进化的生物学.
  • 基因组学就是基因组学.

背景情况:

  • 胚胎类型时期的特点是动物类型之间最大的形态相似性.
  • 沙钟模型提出,胚胎发生在早期和晚期阶段的分歧最大,而胚胎发生的中期显示出最高的保存.
  • 虽然形态学数据支持沙钟模型,但基因表达进化的作用在这种模式中仍然不清楚.

研究的目的:

  • 为了研究基因表达进化在何种程度上是形态沙钟模式的基础.
  • 为了确定基因表达在关节动物类型期内是否得到最大程度的保护.

主要方法:

  • 采用了特定物种的微阵列,用于六个被测序的多索菲拉物种,其进化距离高达4000万年.
  • 在不同胚胎发育阶段的量化基因表达分歧.
  • 应用进化模型来分析基因表达模式和识别选择性压力.

主要成果:

  • 发现,在关节动物类型时期,基因表达得到了最大的保护,与沙时钟模型保持一致.
  • 超过80%的基因分析了最适合的进化模型,在每个时间点都包含稳定选择.
  • 基因表达的选择性约束在基因表达水平保持最佳的基因的类型期内得到最大化.
  • 表现出最强烈的沙钟模式的基因参与了关键的发育过程.

更多相关视频

Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps
11:52

Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps

Published on: February 9, 2017

A Semi-high-throughput Imaging Method and Data Visualization Toolkit to Analyze C. elegans Embryonic Development
06:49

A Semi-high-throughput Imaging Method and Data Visualization Toolkit to Analyze C. elegans Embryonic Development

Published on: October 29, 2019

相关实验视频

Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Inherent Dynamics Visualizer, an Interactive Application for Evaluating and Visualizing Outputs from a Gene Regulatory Network Inference Pipeline
10:44

Inherent Dynamics Visualizer, an Interactive Application for Evaluating and Visualizing Outputs from a Gene Regulatory Network Inference Pipeline

Published on: December 7, 2021

Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps
11:52

Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps

Published on: February 9, 2017

A Semi-high-throughput Imaging Method and Data Visualization Toolkit to Analyze C. elegans Embryonic Development
06:49

A Semi-high-throughput Imaging Method and Data Visualization Toolkit to Analyze C. elegans Embryonic Development

Published on: October 29, 2019

结论:

  • 自然选择在胚胎生成中期积极保护基因表达模式.
  • 提供了全基因组的证据,证明了发育的沙钟模式的分子基础.
  • 突出了保存基因表达在限制动物体图的演变中的作用.