德洛索菲拉的新基因很快就成为必不可少的基因
Sidi Chen1, Yong E Zhang, Manyuan Long
1Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, 1101 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|December 18, 2010
概括
新进化的Drosophila基因迅速获得了生存和发育的基本功能. 大约30%的年轻基因至关重要,它们的沉默会导致发育缺陷和致命性.
科学领域:
- 进化生物学是进化的生物学.
- 遗传学 是一个遗传学.
- 发育生物学是发展生物学.
背景情况:
- 了解基本基因的起源和演变是理解基本生物过程的关键.
- 新基因在基因组中不断出现,但它们的功能意义,特别是基本性,仍然在很大程度上未被探索.
研究的目的:
- 研究Drosophila.中的年轻蛋白质编码基因的起源,进化和基本性.
- 确定新出现的基因的比例,这些基因对于生物体的生存和发育至关重要.
主要方法:
- 在Drosophila (3-35万年前) 中识别和表型化195个年轻的蛋白质编码基因.
- 使用RNA干扰 (RNAi) 评估基本性的基因敲除.
- 对基因沉默后的发育阶段 (幼虫和幼儿) 和细胞/发育缺陷的分析.
主要成果:
- 发现大约30%的新出现的基因对Drosophila生存能力至关重要.
- 基本基因的比例在研究的不同进化年龄组中保持一致.
- 这些年轻的基本基因的构成性沉默导致了高致命性,特别是在幼阶段,也影响了幼虫阶段.
- 死亡率与各种细胞和发育缺陷有关,包括器官形成和模式问题.
结论:
- 新基因在它们的起源后不久,频繁且快速地进化出必要的功能.
- 这些新进化的基本基因在生物的发育中起着重要的作用.
- 这项研究强调了基因进化的动态性质和新基因迅速获得关键功能.
相关概念视频
02:32Exon Recombination
The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes.
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
02:45The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes
In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female Drosophila...
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female Drosophila...
03:21Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes
While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.