哺乳动物器官中基因表达水平的演变
David Brawand1, Magali Soumillon, Anamaria Necsulea
1Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
Nature
|October 21, 2011
概括
由于选择性压力,基因表达进化因哺乳动物器官,血统和染色体而异. 这项研究揭示了转录组进化及其在哺乳动物多样性中的作用.
科学领域:
- 进化生物学是进化的生物学.
- 基因组学就是基因组学.
- 分子生物学分子生物学
背景情况:
- 物种之间的表型多样性通常与基因表达的变化有关.
- 技术进步最近使得对基因表达进化的大规模分析成为可能.
研究的目的:
- 了解哺乳动物转录组进化的动态.
- 研究基因表达如何在不同器官,哺乳动物血统和染色体中演变.
主要方法:
- 从十个物种的六个器官中测序聚基基基因组RNA,包括胎盘动物, marsupials, monotremes 和鸟类.
- 对基因表达模式的比较分析,以推断进化速率和选择性压力.
主要成果:
- 转录组进化的速度在器官 (例如,神经组织缓慢,丸快速),血统 (例如,在动物中比猿类/单体动物慢) 和染色体 (例如,X染色体快速进化) 之间有显著的差异.
- 净化选择在哺乳动物的基因表达进化中起着重要作用.
- 确定了许多潜在的适应性表达开关的实例,有助于哺乳动物器官特异生物学.
结论:
- 基因表达进化是一个动态的过程,是由哺乳动物基因组的各种选择性压力形成的.
- 了解这些进化动态,可以了解哺乳动物表型多样性和器官专业化的遗传基础.
相关概念视频
01:30Structure of a Gene
A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the same genes, there is a small fraction that is slightly different amongst people. A gene with a small difference in its sequence of DNA bases forms different alleles, contributing to different phenotypes.
However, only 1% of the DNA is composed of genes that encode proteins; the rest, 99% is non-coding DNA. This non-coding DNA performs...
However, only 1% of the DNA is composed of genes that encode proteins; the rest, 99% is non-coding DNA. This non-coding DNA performs...
01:58Cell Specific Gene Expression
Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
01:58Cell Specific Gene Expression
Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
01:42What is Gene Expression?
Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
01:36What is Gene Expression?
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...
01:42What is Gene Expression?
Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...