关于增加牙复杂性的困难
Enni Harjunmaa1, Aki Kallonen, Maria Voutilainen
1Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
Nature
|March 9, 2012
概括
研究人员通过调整多个信号通路,增加了小鼠牙的复杂性. 操纵ectodysplasin (EDA),activin A和sonic hedgehog (SHH) 途径同时翻了一番,为发育复杂性提供了新的见解.
科学领域:
- 发展生物学 发展生物学
- 进化生物学 进化生物学
- 遗传学 是一个遗传学.
背景情况:
- 生命历史中的形态复杂性,特别是哺乳动物牙的进化,似乎随着时间的推移而增加.
- 实验性发育研究经常显示复杂性下降,以小鼠牙的尖端损失为例.
研究的目的:
- 调查是否可以通过同时调整多个信号通路来大幅增加小鼠牙的复杂性.
- 使用尖端数和表面地形学量化牙复杂性的变化.
主要方法:
- 在实验室培养小鼠牙.
- 同时调整ectodysplasin (EDA),activin A和sonic hedgehog (SHH) 的信号通路.
- 通过尖端数和地形分析量化牙复杂度.
主要成果:
- 个体途径调整 (EDA,activin A激活;SHH抑制) 导致中度复杂性增加.
- 同时调整所有三条路径使得顶点的数量翻了一番.
- 牙尖数量的增加是由于初级发育模式的改变而引起的,而不是牙大小的增加.
结论:
- 同时调节多个信号通路可以显著提高表型复杂性.
- 导致复杂性增加的机制可能与导致复杂性降低的机制有根本的不同.
- 这些发现表明,了解形态复杂性的进化增加是一个潜在的途径.
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The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.