奥斯特拉洛皮塞克斯·阿法伦西斯 (Australopithecus afarensis) 脚的发育,功能,以及登在人类进化中的作用
David J Green1, Zeresenay Alemseged
1Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA. dgreen1@midwestern.edu
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|November 1, 2012
概括
来自Australopithecus afarensis的化石肩膀表明早期人类的猿类发育和显著的爬行为. 这些发现强调了肩膀叶片形态在理解灵长类动物运动中的重要性.
科学领域:
- 古人类学古人类学.
- 灵长类动物的解剖学
- 进化生物学 进化生物学
背景情况:
- 骨形态是灵长类动物运动运动适应的一个关键指标.
- 人类骨头骨头的化石很少见,这限制了我们对早期人类肩膀解剖学和功能的理解.
- 迪卡卡年轻的奥斯拉洛皮塞克斯 (Australopithecus afarensis) 骨架提供了保存得非常完善的脚.
研究的目的:
- 为了分析澳大利亚白羊座 (Australopithecus afarensis) 的头巾形态.
- 为了推断A. afarensis的发育模式和运动行为.
- 为了与现存的猿类和人类相比较,A. afarensis的肩的特征.
主要方法:
- 在青少年和成年A. afarensis化石之间对护甲状的特征进行比较分析.
- 化石甲形态与非洲猿和人类的本体遗传数据的比较.
- 与运动运动行为相关的脚状特征的功能解释.
主要成果:
- A. afarensis scapulae表现出悬浮猿的特征,存在于幼年和成年标本中.
- 这些特征从青少年到成年阶段的稳定性表明了类似猿类的发育模式.
- 在A. afarensis中,特定的头巾状特征与与非洲猿爬行为相关的特征一致.
结论:
- 奥斯拉洛皮塞克斯·阿法伦斯 (Australopithecus afarensis) 可能具有类似于猿类的发育轨迹.
- 头巾的证据强烈支持了包括大量树木登在内的运动器乐谱.
- 骨形态学为早期人类的功能解剖学和进化历史提供了关键的见解.
相关概念视频
02:31Synteny and Evolution
John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral chromosome underwent...
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral chromosome underwent...
01:09Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age
The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
01:20Evolutionary Psychology
Evolutionary psychology explores the origins of human behavior and mental processes by framing them within the context of natural selection, a theory famously propounded by Charles Darwin. This field asserts that many behaviors common across human societies — ranging from instinctive fear reactions to complex social interactions — arose as evolutionary adaptations. These adaptations enhanced the survival and reproductive success of our ancestors, thereby becoming embedded in the human psyche...
01:23Muscles of the Shoulder
The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
01:54Convergent Evolution
Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
01:31Muscles that Move the Arm
Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...