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From DNA to Protein03:06

From DNA to Protein

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The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
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Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

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General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon...
3.1K
Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

6.6K
In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
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相关实验视频

Updated: May 4, 2026

Identifying Amino Acid Overproducers Using Rare-Codon-Rich Markers
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外基转录因子结合指导了代码子的选择,并影响了蛋白质的进化.

Andrew B Stergachis1, Eric Haugen, Anthony Shafer

  • 1Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|December 17, 2013
PubMed
概括

大约15%的人类编码子是"双子",在指定氨基酸和调节基因转录方面发挥双重作用. 这种双重编码极大地影响了基因组进化和密码体使用偏差.

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科学领域:

  • 基因组学就是基因组学.
  • 分子生物学分子生物学
  • 生物信息学是一种生物信息学.

背景情况:

  • 基因组编码了氨基酸序列和调节元素,如转录因子 (TF) 结合点.
  • 了解这两个代码之间的相互作用对于破译基因组功能和进化至关重要.

研究的目的:

  • 调查编码氨基酸和TF识别序列的双重用途编码子 (duons) 的流行率和功能意义.
  • 确定双子对蛋白质进化的影响,双子使用偏差和遗传变异.

主要方法:

  • 基因组脱氧核糖核酶I足迹被用来绘制人体外基因组中核酸分辨率TF占用率的地图.
  • 在81种不同的人类细胞类型中进行了分析,以获得TF结合的全面视图.

主要成果:

  • 大约15%的人类编码子作为双子起作用,指定了氨基酸和TF结合点.
  • 双子高度保存,这表明它们在塑造蛋白质进化和驱动子使用偏差方面发挥了重要作用.
  • 双子体内超过17%的单核酸变异直接影响TF结合,突显了它们的监管重要性.
  • 监管代码显示了TFs识别停止码的枯竭.

结论:

  • 通过双子对氨基酸和调控信息的双重编码是基因组进化的基本特征.
  • 双子对TF施加的约束是影响双子使用偏差的主要因素.
  • 了解双子提供了对基因调节,蛋白质进化和遗传变异影响的新见解.