在群体内男性的亲属关系减少了Drosophila中对女性的伤害
Pau Carazo1, Cedric K W Tan1, Felicity Allen2
11] Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK [2].
Nature
|January 28, 2014
概括
亲属选择可以减少男性的竞争和对女性的伤害. 当雄性果是兄弟时,它们竞争较少,有利于雌性繁殖成功和寿命.
科学领域:
- 进化生物学 进化生物学
- 行为生态学 行为生态学
背景情况:
- 内性竞争,特别是男性之间的内性竞争,可能会导致女性的负面结果.
- 亲属选择理论表明,亲属关系可以影响社会行为,可能会促进合作而不是竞争.
研究的目的:
- 实验性地调查男性亲属关系如何影响Drosophila melanogaster中的竞争和女性伤害.
- 为了测试这种假设,亲属选择放松了男性的竞争,从而提高了女性的健康.
主要方法:
- 操纵雄性果群体的亲属关系,竞争获得雌性果的机会.
- 测量男性竞争 (战斗,求爱强度),男性寿命和女性生殖成功 (终身生殖成功,生殖衰老).
主要成果:
- 与非亲戚男性组合的女性相比,与兄弟组合的女性相比,与非亲戚男性组合的女性相比,在一生中生殖成功率较低,生殖衰老速度更快.
- 兄弟群体表现出较少的战斗,不那么强烈的求爱,与无关的男性群体相比,寿命更长.
- 不相关的雄性入侵兄弟群体的后代比相关的雄性要多得多,这表明它们容易受到入侵.
结论:
- 男性的亲属关系显著调节性竞争和女性的伤害,支持亲属选择理论.
- 果根据竞争对手的亲属关系塑性地调整了他们的性行为,展示了亲属识别机制.
- 虽然亲属关系可以减少冲突,但亲属的社会群体可能容易被无关个人剥削.
相关概念视频
02:45The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes
11.5K
In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female...
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female...
11.5K
02:50Dosage Compensation
6.3K
In animals, gender is determined by the number and type of sex chromosome. For example, human females have two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas C.elegans with one X chromosome is a male, and the one with two X chromosomes is a hermaphrodite.
In addition to sexual development, the X chromosome has genes involved in autosomal functions such as brain development and the immune system. Therefore, males and females with distinct numbers of X chromosomes will...
In addition to sexual development, the X chromosome has genes involved in autosomal functions such as brain development and the immune system. Therefore, males and females with distinct numbers of X chromosomes will...
6.3K
02:27Background and Environment Affect Phenotype
5.8K
Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
5.8K
00:57Inclusive Fitness
23.6K
Most altruistic behavior—in which one animal helps another at a cost to themselves—occurs between relatives. Scientists think these altruistic behaviors evolved because they increase the inclusive fitness of the animal providing help.
23.6K
01:19X-linked Traits
45.6K
In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.
45.6K