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相关概念视频

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

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In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female...
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Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are...
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In animals, gender is determined by the number and type of sex chromosome. For example, human females have two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas C.elegans with one X chromosome is a male, and the one with two X chromosomes is a hermaphrodite.
In addition to sexual development, the X chromosome has genes involved in autosomal functions such as brain development and the immune system. Therefore, males and females with  distinct numbers of X chromosomes will...
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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Quantitative Comparison of cis-Regulatory Element CRE Activities in Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster
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双性爱是一种模仿超基因.

K Kunte1, W Zhang2, A Tenger-Trolander3

  • 11] National Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560065, India [2].

Nature
|March 7, 2014
PubMed
概括

一个单一的基因,双性,控制了尾蝶的性别限制模仿,挑战了超基因集群假说. 这一发现解释了一个基因如何可以切换模仿的翅膀模式.

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科学领域:

  • 进化生物学是进化的生物学.
  • 遗传学 是一个遗传学.
  • 昆虫学 昆虫学是一门学科.

背景情况:

  • 蝶的性别限制模仿,特别是Papilio,涉及女性模仿有毒模型.
  • 这种模仿通常与由"超基因"控制的雌性多态翅膀模式有关.
  • 模仿超基因的功能性质在很大程度上在经验上没有被描述.

研究的目的:

  • 在Papilio polytes中识别模仿超基因的遗传基础.
  • 为了研究基于性别限制的模仿控制的功能机制.
  • 测试超基因是单个基因而不是紧密联系的基因位置的假设.

主要方法:

  • 综合性方法结合了遗传映射,关联映射和测序.
  • 使用了转录组和基因组测序.
  • 分析了基因表达分析和DNA序列变异.

主要成果:

  • 一个单一的基因,双性 (dsx),被确定为模仿超基因的控制器在Papilio polytes.
  • 这与超基因作为密切联系的位置集群的普遍观点形成鲜明对比.
  • 同位体表达的差异和潜在的蛋白质序列演变有助于模仿表型变异.

结论:

  • 双性基因充当模仿超基因,控制Papilio多体中的整个翅膀模式.
  • 这表明,单个基因可以调解复杂的模仿表型,挑战传统的超基因概念.
  • 这些发现整合了不同的超基因假设,表明一个具有多个关联突变的单个基因可以驱动模仿进化.