人口老龄化的宏观经济影响和选定的政策应对措施
David E Bloom1, Somnath Chatterji2, Paul Kowal2
1Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
Lancet (London, England)
|December 4, 2014
概括
全球人口老龄化正在加速,到2060年,60岁以上的人口将增加三倍. 这种人口变化带来了重大的经济和医疗保健挑战,需要政策和社会适应,以确保老年人.
科学领域:
- 人口统计学 人口统计学
- 公共卫生 公共卫生
- 经济学 经济学 经济学
背景情况:
- 全球人口老龄化是一个前所未有的加速趋势,预计到2030年及以后,60岁及以上的人口比例将大幅增加.
- 虽然进入老年阶段的队列通常更健康,但人口健康的显著差异,以预期寿命来衡量,在全球范围内仍然存在.
- 越来越多的老年人需要更大的健康和长期护理,这给家庭,社会和养老金系统带来了经济挑战.
研究的目的:
- 突出深刻的人口变化向全球人口老龄化.
- 强调人口老龄化所带来的经济和医疗保健挑战.
- 强调政策和社会适应的必要性,以满足老年人口的需求和减轻潜在的宏观经济困难.
主要方法:
- 分析全球人口趋势和人口预测.
- 使用预期寿命数据检查健康差异.
- 评估人口老龄化对医疗保健,养老金和劳动力参与的经济影响.
主要成果:
- 到2060年,全球60岁以上人口的比例将从10%上升到22%,从8亿增加到20亿.
- 在出生时的预期寿命 (36年差异) 和60岁的预期寿命 (15年差异) 中,全球存在显著的差异.
- 人口老龄化将给养老金系统带来压力,增加医疗保健支出,如果不主动管理,可能会造成经济负担.
结论:
- 人口老龄化对全球经济和卫生系统构成重大挑战.
- 卫生系统需要重新定位对老年人的需求,强调疾病预防和长期护理.
- 积极的政策响应和个人/企业的适应对于应对人口老龄化的经济和社会影响至关重要.
相关概念视频
01:27Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age
346
Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
346
00:57Population Growth
29.7K
Population size is dynamic, increasing with birth rates and immigration, and decreasing with death rates and emigration. In ideal conditions with unlimited resources, populations can increase exponentially, which plots as a J-shaped growth rate curve of population size against time. This type of curve is characteristic of newly-introduced invasive species, or populations that have suffered catastrophic declines and are rebounding.
29.7K
01:15Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients
375
Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
375
01:22Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption
828
As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
828
01:26Aging
1.1K
Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
Cellular Clock Theory
The cellular clock theory posits that the human lifespan is closely tied to the finite capacity of cells to divide, a phenomenon governed by telomeres, which are protective caps at the ends of...
Cellular Clock Theory
The cellular clock theory posits that the human lifespan is closely tied to the finite capacity of cells to divide, a phenomenon governed by telomeres, which are protective caps at the ends of...
1.1K
01:19The Effect of Aging on Tissues
4.2K
Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
4.2K