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相关概念视频

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
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The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
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人类的进化. 人类的进化. 评论"像人类一样的手动使用在澳大利亚白非洲人"

Sergio Almécija1, Ian J Wallace2, Stefan Judex3

  • 1Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Science and Engineering Hall, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA. Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, Carrer de les Columnes s/n, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain. sergio.almecija@gmail.com.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|June 6, 2015
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概括

根据骨结构分析,在300万年前,澳大利亚白动物 (Australopithecus africanus) 可能拥有类似人类的工具使用技巧. 然而,这一发现并不能反驳早期的证据,这些证据表明操纵技能早于系统的石头工具制造.

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科学领域:

  • 古人类学古人类学.
  • 灵长类动物学 灵长类动物学
  • 骨生物学 骨生物学

背景情况:

  • 人类的灵巧和工具使用的演变是古人类学研究的一个关键领域.
  • 之前的研究已经提出了早期人类类动物出现类似人类的操纵能力的时间表.
  • 骨形态与行为能力之间的关系对于理解人类进化至关重要.

研究的目的:

  • 评价声称澳大利亚白动物 (Australopithecus africanus) 表现出类似人类的石器制造和使用的灵巧性.
  • 批判性地评估基础上的进化和生物假设解释的骨骨干结构.
  • 确定拟议的研究结果是否反驳了关于操纵技能优先于系统工具制造的现有假设.

主要方法:

  • 在澳大利亚白猿 (Australopithecus africanus) 化石中分析甲手臂脊椎骨架构.
  • 与现存的灵长类动物和人类骨数据进行比较分析.
  • 对早期人类行为的现有化石和考古证据的审查.

主要成果:

  • 斯金纳和其他人. 根据骨结构,建议像人类一样的性在澳大利亚甲动物非洲人,可追溯到300万年前.
  • 研究的进化和生物假设被发现是潜在的错误信息.
  • 这些发现并没有成功地驳斥这样的假设,即类似人类的操纵能力在系统的石头工具制造之前就出现了.

结论:

  • 解释甲手臂骨干骨结构需要仔细考虑更广泛的进化背景.
  • 有证据表明,复杂的操纵技巧可能早于石器的系统生产.
  • 需要进一步的研究来协调骨证据与早期人类行为的考古记录.