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Mechanism of Lamellipodia Formation01:31

Mechanism of Lamellipodia Formation

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Cells migrating in response to external stimuli form lamellipodia, which are thin membrane protrusions supported by a mesh of linked, branched, or unbranched actin filaments. These actin filaments interact with myosin motor proteins, creating the dynamic actomyosin complex within the cytoskeleton. Contractility, or the ability to generate contractile stress, is inherent to the actomyosin complex. It helps cells detect the stiffness of the surrounding ECM and exert contractile force for...
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A migrating cell changes its shape during the cyclic events of attachment and detachment from the substratum and repositions the cell organelles correspondingly. These complex events are orchestrated by the dynamic cytoskeletal network comprising actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Cytoskeletal crosstalk — the direct and indirect communication between the different components — is crucial for this coordination. Direct communication involves various linker...
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In animal cells, the extracellular matrix allows cells within tissues to withstand external stresses and transmits signals from the outside of the cell to the inside. The extracellular matrix is extensive, and its composition varies between different types of tissues. For example, the reticular fibers and ground substance make up the ECM in loose connective tissue, while collagen and bone minerals make up the ECM of bone tissue. 
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The living membranes are flexible due to their fluid mosaic nature; however, their bending into different shapes is an active process regulated by specific lipids and proteins. The membrane bending can be transient as seen in vesicles or stable for a long time as in microvilli. Cells regulate the size, location, and duration of the membrane curvature.
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Blebs are a type of membrane protrusion formed by the internal hydrostatic pressure of the cytoplasm. Blebs are observed in several cell types, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and single-celled organisms like the amoeba. The primary function of blebs is cell locomotion and apoptosis, but they are also found during necrosis and cell division. The life cycle of a bleb comprises an initiation phase followed by the expansion and retraction phases.
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相关实验视频

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Tracking Morphogenetic Tissue Deformations in the Early Chick Embryo
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自组织的生物机械网络驱动组织形态发生过程中的形状变化

Akankshi Munjal1, Jean-Marc Philippe1, Edwin Munro2

  • 1Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM UMR7288, 13009 Marseille, France.

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|July 28, 2015
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概括
此摘要是机器生成的。

在组织形态发生过程中,细胞形状的变化是由非肌肉肌肉素II (MyoII) 和动蛋白驱动的. 这项研究揭示了由Rho1-Rok途径调节的MyoII动态如何为细胞间隔形成稳定性和脉动性.

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科学领域:

  • 细胞生物学
  • 发育生物学
  • 生物物理

背景情况:

  • 组织形态发生依赖于由actomyosin网络驱动的细胞形状变化.
  • 非肌肉肌肉蛋白II (MyoII) 和细丝状动蛋白 (F-actin) 形成动态网络,驱动细胞变形和稳定.
  • 目前尚不清楚控制actomyosin网络的脉动性和稳定性的确切机制.

研究的目的:

  • 研究Rho1-Rok途径在Drosophila melanogaster生殖带扩展期间调节MyoII动态的作用.
  • 阐明细胞间隔过程中actomyosin网络的稳定性和脉动性的机制.

主要方法:

  • 使用Drosophila melanogaster作为一个模型生物.
  • 研究了Rho1-Rok路径在MyoII调节中的作用.
  • 通过酸化-脱酸化循环和F-actin网络上的运动收缩分析了MyoII动态,包括交换动力学和向导.

主要成果:

  • 确定了MyoII动态的两个关键性质:交换动力学和向导,它们控制稳定性和脉动性.
  • 证明对MyoII交换动力学的空间控制建立了高和低解离率的稳定模式,导致MyoII平面极性.
  • 表明脉动性在中间分离速率出现,促进MyoII及其调节剂的转移,并且是一个由生物力学反驱动的自我组织过程.

结论:

  • 在组织形态发生过程中,肌肉II动力学,特别是交换动力学和向导,对于产生稳定性和脉动性至关重要.
  • 该Rho1-Rok通路在空间上调节MyoII动态,建立平面极性,并使细胞间隔过程中必不可少的脉动收缩.
  • 动肌蛋白脉动是一种自组织的现象,由生物力学反引起,而不是上游的起器.