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相关概念视频

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
13.5K
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate02:21

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

18.2K
Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate.  The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.
18.2K
SN1 Reaction: Kinetics02:05

SN1 Reaction: Kinetics

10.0K
In an SN2 reaction, the reaction rate depends on both the type of nucleophile and the substrate. A hindered tertiary alkyl halide is practically inert to the SN2 mechanism despite using a strong nucleophile.
However, Sir Christopher Ingold and Edward D. Hughes, who studied the kinetics of various nucleophilic substitution reactions, noticed that a tertiary alkyl halide does undergo a nucleophilic substitution reaction in the presence of a weak nucleophile. While studying the substitution...
10.0K
SN2 Reaction: Stereochemistry02:23

SN2 Reaction: Stereochemistry

13.0K
In an SN2 reaction, the nucleophilic attack on the substrate and departure of the leaving group occurs simultaneously through a transition state. As the nucleophile approaches the substrate from the back-side, the configuration of the substrate carbon changes from tetrahedral to trigonal bipyramidal and then back to tetrahedral, leading to an inversion in the configuration of the product.
If the substrate is an achiral molecule at the α-carbon, the inversion of configuration is not...
13.0K
Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

18.2K
In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
18.2K
Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration02:36

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Hydroboration

9.7K
A significant aspect of hydroboration–oxidation is the regio- and stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
Hydroboration proceeds in a concerted fashion with the attack of borane on the π bond, giving a cyclic four-centered transition state. The –BH2 group is bonded to the less substituted carbon and –H to the more substituted carbon. The concerted nature requires the simultaneous addition of –H and –BH2 across the same face of the alkene giving syn stereochemistry.
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对TET介导氧化基质偏好的结构洞察

Lulu Hu1,2,3, Junyan Lu4, Jingdong Cheng1,2

  • 1Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.

Nature
|November 3, 2015
PubMed
概括

十-十一转位 (TET) 蛋白质氧化DNA甲基化. 由于基质构成和氧化效率,TET1和TET2对5-甲基细胞因子 (5mC) 的活性高于5-甲基细胞因子 (5hmC) 或5-甲基细胞因子 (5fC). 这表明5hmC是一个稳定的表观遗传标记.

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科学领域:

  • 表观遗传学
  • 分子生物学
  • 生物化学

背景情况:

  • DNA甲基化是一个关键的表观遗传调节剂.
  • 十一转位 (TET) 蛋白通过氧化5-甲基细胞素 (5mC) 来调解DNA脱甲基化.
  • TET蛋白反复地将5mC转化为5甲基 (5hmC),5甲基 (5fC) 和5甲基 (5caC).

研究的目的:

  • 研究人类TET1和TET2蛋白质的基质偏好.
  • 阐明不同DNA甲基化衍生物TET蛋白活性的结构基础.
  • 了解TET蛋白活性对5hmC作为表观遗传标记的稳定性的影响.

主要方法:

  • 测定TET2-5hmC-DNA和TET2-5fC-DNA复合物的晶体结构.
  • 对TET蛋白活性和基质氧化效率的生物化学分析.
  • 用5mC,5hmC和5fC基质对TET2-DNA复合物的比较结构分析.

主要成果:

  • 与5hmC-DNA和5fC-DNA相比,人类的TET1和TET2在5mC-DNA上表现出更高的酶活性.
  • 晶体结构显示了TET2催化腔内5mC,5hmC和5fC的相似结合,但改变基的方向不同.
  • 生物化学数据表明,5hmC和5fC的受限构造阻碍了高效的抽取,导致这些基质的催化效率降低.

结论:

  • TET蛋白质基质的偏好是由5mC衍生物的内在特性决定的,特别是修改后的细胞因子基的构造和结能力.
  • TET蛋白对5hmC的反应性降低表明它是一种相对稳定的表观遗传标记.
  • 进化优化了TET蛋白质以产生和维持5hmC,可能用于各种调节功能.