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相关概念视频

Synthetic Biology02:55

Synthetic Biology

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Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary science that involves using principles from disciplines such as engineering, molecular biology, cell biology, and systems biology. It involves remodeling existing organisms from nature or constructing completely new synthetic organisms for applications such as protein or enzyme production, bioremediation, value-added macromolecule production, and the addition of desirable traits to crops, to name a few.
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The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.
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Two structural features of the DNA molecule provide a basis for the mechanisms of heredity: the four nucleotide bases and its double-stranded nature. The Watson-Crick model of double-helical DNA structure, proposed in 1952, drew heavily upon the X-ray crystallography work of researchers Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. Watson, Crick, and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work in 1962. Franklin was, controversially, excluded from the prize for...
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The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
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设计,合成和测试57个体基因组

Nili Ostrov1, Matthieu Landon2, Marc Guell3

  • 1Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|August 20, 2016
PubMed
概括

科学家通过计算设计和合成了由57个编码体组成的大肠杆菌基因组, 大多数基本基因保留了功能,证明了为合成生物学应用重新编写基因组的可行性.

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科学领域:

  • 合成生物学
  • 基因组学
  • 分子生物学

背景情况:

  • 遗传代码重新编码提供了一种设计新型基因组功能的方法.
  • 大肠杆菌是基因操纵和合成生物学的一个模型生物.

研究的目的:

  • 通过计算设计,合成和组装一个57个菌体的基因组.
  • 用同名的替代品取代七个代码的6214个实例.
  • 建立一个大型合成基因组工程的框架.

主要方法:

  • 所有蛋白质编码基因的计算基因组设计和重新编码.
  • 3.97兆基基因组的化学合成和组装.
  • 通过功能测试验证重新编码的基因和基因组段.
  • 识别和纠正致命的设计异常.

主要成果:

  • 在大肠杆菌基因组中成功重新编码了62214个编码子实例.
  • 验证了63%的重编码基因,其中91%的基本基因保留了功能.
  • 在2229个测试的基因中, 仅发现并纠正了13个致命的设计异常.
  • 在重编后的基本基因中表现出有限的适应性影响.

结论:

  • 基因组重编是创造具有增强功能的人造生物的可行策略.
  • 这项研究为大规模合成基因组的设计,组装和分析提供了强大的框架.
  • 这项研究推动了合成生物学领域的发展,