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相关概念视频

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon...
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G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory...
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Transducer Mechanism: G Protein–Coupled Receptors01:30

Transducer Mechanism: G Protein–Coupled Receptors

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G Protein–Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to various stimuli. GPCRs regulate critical physiological pathways and are excellent drug targets for treating diseases such as diabetes, cancer, obesity, depression, or Alzheimer's. Nearly 35% of approved drugs implement their therapeutic effects by selectively interacting with specific GPCRs.
GPCRs are also called heptahelical,...
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相关实验视频

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase
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Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase

Published on: April 23, 2019

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嗅觉受体伪伪基因

Lucia L Prieto-Godino1, Raphael Rytz1, Benoîte Bargeton1

  • 1Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.

Nature
|November 4, 2016
PubMed
概括
此摘要是机器生成的。

伪基因通常是非功能性基因,但具有过早终结的Drosophila受体基因 (Ir75a) 通过转化阅读产生功能性蛋白质. 这种"伪伪原体"现象在嗅觉受体进化中可能很普遍.

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Live-cell Measurement of Odorant Receptor Activation Using a Real-time cAMP Assay
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Live-cell Measurement of Odorant Receptor Activation Using a Real-time cAMP Assay

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High-throughput Analysis of Mammalian Olfactory Receptors: Measurement of Receptor Activation via Luciferase Activity
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High-throughput Analysis of Mammalian Olfactory Receptors: Measurement of Receptor Activation via Luciferase Activity

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相关实验视频

Last Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase
09:53

Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase

Published on: April 23, 2019

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Live-cell Measurement of Odorant Receptor Activation Using a Real-time cAMP Assay
09:11

Live-cell Measurement of Odorant Receptor Activation Using a Real-time cAMP Assay

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High-throughput Analysis of Mammalian Olfactory Receptors: Measurement of Receptor Activation via Luciferase Activity
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High-throughput Analysis of Mammalian Olfactory Receptors: Measurement of Receptor Activation via Luciferase Activity

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科学领域:

  • 基因组学
  • 进化生物学
  • 神经科学

背景情况:

  • 伪基因通常被视为由基因突变引起的非功能性DNA序列.
  • 虽然一些伪基衍生的RNA具有调节功能,但功能性伪基衍生的蛋白质在很大程度上仍未知.
  • 嗅觉受体基因家族通常含有伪基因,因为选择压力较轻.

研究的目的:

  • 在Drosophila sechellia的离子酸盐受体中描述一个特定的伪基因.
  • 调查D. sechellia Ir75a位点中过早终止子 (PTC) 的功能影响.
  • 探索仿真基因结构中的转化读透的演化和功能意义.

主要方法:

  • 对D. sechellia Ir75a的基因测序和分析.
  • 功能测试以检测和分析PTC的翻译读数.
  • 对D. sechellia Ir75a及其Drosophila melanogaster对象进行比较分析.
  • 对连接体结合域的变化和气味调节特性进行研究.

主要成果:

  • D. sechellia Ir75a位点包含一个在群体中固定的过早终结子 (PTC).
  • 通过PTC的高效转化读取,可以产生功能性的D. sechellia Ir75a受体蛋白.
  • 读透是特定于神经元的,取决于下游序列,而不是终结类型.
  • D. sechellia Ir75a与其对应物相比,异味调节发生了变化,并改变了连接体结合域.
  • 在其他嗅觉受体库和物种中发现了功能性含有PTC的位点.

结论:

  • 伪基因,特别是具有PTC的基因,可以通过转化读取编码功能性蛋白质,从而挑战它们的非功能性指定.
  • "伪伪基因"的现象代表了在嗅觉受体谱中产生功能多样性的潜在广泛机制.
  • 在配体结合领域的进化适应可以在具有PTC的基因中赋予新的化学感知功能.