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相关概念视频

Karyotyping01:17

Karyotyping

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Chromosome Structure02:40

Chromosome Structure

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Chromosome Structure02:40

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A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
Telomeres consist of non-coding repetitive nucleotide...
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Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I,...
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Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process...
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In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops...
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使用染色体走路捕获双向和多向染色体构造

Pedro Olivares-Chauvet1, Zohar Mukamel1, Aviezer Lifshitz1

  • 1Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics and Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel.

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|December 6, 2016
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概括

染色体行走显示出更高层次的结构,显示活跃的基因使用双向接触,而抑制的基因则形成枢纽. 这说明了基因组折叠如何影响基因调节和核组织.

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科学领域:

  • 基因组学
  • 分子生物学
  • 细胞生物学

背景情况:

  • 染色体折叠成紧的结构用于核空间和基因调节.
  • 双相接触形成了定拓域 (TAD) 的循环,在各个物种中保存.
  • 从这些循环中形成更高层次的结构仍然不清楚.

研究的目的:

  • 为了研究超越对接的更高层次染色体组织.
  • 开发和应用一种新的构造捕获试验 (染色体步行) 用于在多个尺度上研究基因组结构.
  • 确定双循环是否能产生更高阶结构.

主要方法:

  • 染色体走路 (C-walks) 的发展,一种连接多个基因组位点的构造捕获试验.
  • 在人类和小鼠细胞中应用C-walks以捕获不同尺度的染色体结构.
  • 对染色体间接触,染色体内接触和TAD内部相互作用的分析.

主要成果:

  • 染色体间接触是有限的 (7-10%) 并受到TAD的限制.
  • 大约一半的C行走发生在单个染色体内,许多仅限于TAD内部空间.
  • 转录活跃的早期复制位点中的C-步行合2-4TAD表明了随机关联.
  • 高度表达的基因呈现双向拓,而多压抑的霍克斯域则呈现协同中心.

结论:

  • 染色体区域,TAD和TAD内部循环主要是由嵌套的,潜在的动态的,双向接触形成的.
  • 活跃和被抑制的基因组区域显示出不同的更高阶组织原则.
  • 这项研究提供了对基因组的层次折叠及其调节的见解.