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Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

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Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene01:15

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

12.1K
Chlorination and bromination are important classes of electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to give halogenated substitution products. A Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride or ferric chloride catalyzes the chlorination, and ferric bromide catalyzes the bromination reactions. During the bromination of alkenes, bromine polarizes and becomes electrophilic. However, in the bromination of benzene, the bromine...
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Halogens03:01

Halogens

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Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group. 
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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VSEPR Theory and the Effect of Lone Pairs04:01

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Effect of Lone Pairs of Electrons on Molecule Geometry
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Electron Affinity03:07

Electron Affinity

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The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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稳定的和酸离子;[X3(XeO3) 3和[X4(XeO3) 44- (X=Cl或Br)

James T Goettel1, Veit G Haensch1, Gary J Schrobilgen1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|May 26, 2017
PubMed
概括

研究人员合成并描述了第一个- (Xe-Br) 结合化合物,扩大了已知的高贵气体化合物的化学结构. 这些新素盐是稳定的, 提供了关于贵气结合的见解.

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科学领域:

  • 无机化学
  • 高贵气体化学
  • 水晶工程

背景情况:

  • 具有贵重气体元素键的可分离化合物,特别是 (Xe) 和 (Kr),很少.
  • 在此之前,还没有以宏观数量分离出具有- (Xe-Br) 键的化合物.
  • - (Xe-Cl) 结合的化合物也很少见,这突出了贵重气体化物化学中的差距.

研究的目的:

  • 合成和描述含有- (Xe-Br) 键的第一个化合物.
  • 合成具有- (Xe-Cl) 键的类似化合物.
  • 研究这些新型贵重气体化合物的结构和结合特性.

主要方法:

  • 三氧化物 (XeO3) 与四甲基化物和四甲基化物的反应
  • 通过拉曼光谱和低温单晶X射线衍射来分离和表征得到的氧酸盐.
  • 通过气相分析的量子化学计算合成类似的化盐和表征.

主要成果:

  • 成功合成和分离了两个氧酸盐:[N(C2H5) ]3[Br3(XeO3) ]和[N(CH3) ]4[Br4 ((XeO3) ].
  • 鉴定发现具有显著 Xe-Br 键长度 (3.0838(3) 到 3.3181(8) 的离子.
  • 同结构的化离子与Xe-Cl键长 (2.9316(2) 到3.101(4) Å) 也被合成和特征化.

结论:

  • 这些代表了含有Xe-Br键的第一个已知化合物,也是唯一包含贵气元素的已知离子.
  • 合成的和酸盐在环境条件下稳定.
  • Xe-Br 和 Xe-Cl 键表现出弱共价性质,与 σ-洞相互作用相比,具有独特的捐赠者-接受者作用.