对空气污染的短期暴露与老年人死亡率的关联
Qian Di1, Lingzhen Dai1, Yun Wang2
1Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
JAMA
|December 28, 2017
概括
短期接触细颗粒物 (PM2.5) 和臭氧会显著增加死亡风险,即使低于美国目前的空气质量标准. 这些发现表明需要重新评估国家环境空气质量标准 (NAAQS).
科学领域:
- 环境健康
- 流行病学
- 公共卫生
背景情况:
- 美国环境保护局 (EPA) 被授权每五年对国家环境空气质量标准 (NAAQS) 进行审查.
- 证据表明死亡风险与空气污染水平低于目前的NAAQS,特别是在敏感人群和未监测地区,是有限的.
研究的目的:
- 评估环境细颗粒物 (PM2.5) 和低于当前NAAQS水平的臭氧短期暴露与美国大陆的死亡率之间的关联.
- 为可能修订空气质量标准提供信息.
主要方法:
- 使用条件后勤回归来分析每日PM2.5和臭氧暴露与死亡率之间的关联.
- 这项研究利用了39,182个邮政编码的大量医疗保险数据集 (2000-2012年).
- 每天的空气污染水平 (PM2.5和臭氧) 用1公里的预测模型进行估计.
主要成果:
- 在温暖的季节,每天的PM2.5增加10微克/立方米,每天的臭氧增加10个亿分,分别增加了1.05%和0.51%.
- 这些关联是在当前每日NAAQS以下的污染水平下观察到的,其中93.6%的死亡发生在PM2.5水平低于25μg/m3,91.1%的死亡发生在臭氧低于60ppb的日内.
- 对于任何一种污染物,在暴露与反应关系中没有发现值的证据.
结论:
- 短期暴露在低于目前美国国家空气质量标准的PM2.5和臭氧中,显著增加死亡风险.
- 这些发现表明,目前的NAAQS可能没有足够的保护性,需要重新评估.
- 这项研究强调了空气污染对公众健康的影响,即使是在较低的度下.
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