长期用皮佩罗尼尔丁氧化物处理的杀虫网和室内残留喷雾干预措施的有效性,单独和联合,针对由耐火蚊传播的疟疾:一个集群,随机对照,二对二因子设计试验
Natacha Protopopoff1, Jacklin F Mosha2, Eliud Lukole3
1Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
Lancet (London, England)
|April 16, 2018
概括
抗虫剂威胁着疟疾的控制. 长期使用皮佩罗尼尔丁氧化物 (PBO) 的杀虫网和室内残留喷有效降低了疟疾的流行率,PBO网显示了持续的益处. 结合干预措施没有提供额外的优势.
科学领域:
- 公共卫生
- 传染病控制
- 流行病学
背景情况:
- 疟疾载体对杀虫剂的耐药性对全球疟疾控制工作构成重大威胁.
- 已经开发了两种新型媒介控制工具,即用皮佩罗尼尔丁氧化物 (PBO) 输入的长效杀虫网 (LLIN) 和室内残留喷雾 (IRS) 用皮里米基.
- 评估这些干预措施的比较和综合效果对于优化疟疾控制策略至关重要.
研究的目的:
- 评估PBOLLIN与标准LLIN作为独立干预措施的有效性.
- 评估PBOLLIN或标准LLIN与IRS使用pyrimiphos-methyl的有效性.
- 确定这些干预措施对儿童疟疾感染率的影响.
主要方法:
- 在坦桑尼亚Muleba的40个村庄的48个集群中进行了2x2因子设计的四组随机对照试验.
- 参与者被分配接受标准LLIN,PBOLLIN,标准LLIN加IRS,或PBOLLIN加IRS.
- 在6个月至14岁的儿童中,通过干预后4,9,16和21个月的横截面调查来评估疟疾感染率.
主要成果:
- 在使用PBOLLIN的组中,疟疾感染的患病率与标准LLIN相比在9个月 (OR0. 37, p=0. 001) 和21个月 (OR0. 40, p=0. 0122) 显著降低.
- 与没有IRS相比,与pirimiphos- methyl的IRS也显著降低了9个月的疟疾患病率 (OR0.33,p<0.0001).
- 在PBOLLIN和IRS之间的互动表明,当它们结合在一起时,就会出现冗余,而与单独的PBOLLIN或标准LLIN加上IRS没有任何额外的好处.
结论:
- PBO LLIN和非甲状腺IRS在甲状腺耐药性普遍的地区是有效的抗疟疾干预措施.
- 无论是PBOLLIN还是IRS都可以作为独立干预措施有效地部署.
- 将PBOLLIN与IRS结合起来,与单独的PBOLLIN相比,没有任何额外的好处,支持世卫组织增加PBOLLIN覆盖范围的建议.
相关概念视频
Factorial Design
14.1K
Factorial Analysis is an experimental design that applies Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistical procedures to examine a change in a dependent variable due to more than one independent variable, also known as factors. Changes in worker productivity can be reasoned, for example, to be influenced by salary and other conditions, such as skill level. One way to test this hypothesis is by categorizing salary into three levels (low, moderate, and high) and skills sets into two levels (entry level...
14.1K
Design Example: Resistive Touchscreen
758
A device engineer plays a crucial role in designing user interfaces for mobile devices. One such interface is the resistive touchscreen, which fundamentally consists of two metallic layers: a flexible upper layer and a rigid lower layer, separated by a narrow gap. The high resistance between these two layers is a key characteristic of this design.
When a user touches the screen, the two layers make contact at a specific point known as the touchpoint. This contact reduces the resistance between...
When a user touches the screen, the two layers make contact at a specific point known as the touchpoint. This contact reduces the resistance between...
758
PD Controller: Design
662
In automotive engineering, car suspension systems often employ Proportional Derivative (PD) controllers to enhance performance. PD controllers are utilized to adjust the damping force in response to road conditions. A controller, acting as an amplifier with a constant gain, demonstrates proportional control, with output directly mirroring input.
Designing a continuous-data controller requires selecting and linking components like adders and integrators, which are fundamental in Proportional,...
Designing a continuous-data controller requires selecting and linking components like adders and integrators, which are fundamental in Proportional,...
662
PI Controller: Design
1.3K
Proportional Integral (PI) controllers are a fundamental component in modern control systems, widely used to enhance performance and mitigate steady-state errors. They are particularly effective in applications such as automatic brightness adjustment on smartphones, where they excel at mitigating steady-state errors for step-function inputs. Unlike PD controllers, which require time-varying errors to function optimally, PI controllers leverage their integral component to address residual...
1.3K
Residual Plots
6.5K
A residual plot is a statistical representation of data used to analyze correlation and regression results. It helps verify the requirements for drawing specific conclusions about correlation and regression. To obtain the residual plot, first, the residual for each data value is calculated, which is simply the vertical distance between the observed and the predicted value obtained from the regression equation.
When the residual values are plotted against the variable x, it is called a residual...
When the residual values are plotted against the variable x, it is called a residual...
6.5K
Residual Stresses
666
Residual stresses reside in a structure even after removing the original stress inducer. This phenomenon often arises from varied plastic deformations across different parts of a structure. Consider a rod stretched beyond its yield point. It will not regain its original length due to permanent deformation. Even after load removal, the rod does not entirely lose stress because of uneven plastic deformations, resulting in residual stresses. The computation of these stresses in structures is...
666


