非洲空气质量与婴儿死亡率之间的强烈关系
Sam Heft-Neal1, Jennifer Burney2, Eran Bendavid3
1Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Nature
|June 29, 2018
概括
在撒哈拉以南非洲地区,空气质量差,特别是细颗粒物 (PM2.5) 显著增加婴儿死亡率. 即使是微小的PM2.5暴露也可能给婴儿带来很大的公共健康益处.
科学领域:
- 环境健康
- 流行病学
- 全球健康
背景情况:
- 全球死亡风险估计通常依赖于发达国家的数据, 缺乏发展中国家的验证.
- 直接将环境颗粒物暴露与发展中国家的死亡率相关的证据有限.
- 非洲空气污染相关婴儿死亡的全球负担估计可能被低估.
研究的目的:
- 估计环境细颗粒物 (PM2.5) 对撒哈拉以南非洲婴儿死亡率的影响.
- 在多样化,低资源环境中验证现有的暴露-反应关系.
- 量化该地区由PM2.5造成的婴儿死亡负担.
主要方法:
- 非洲撒哈拉以南地区近100万个家庭调查数据与卫星来源的PM2.5暴露估计.
- 使用统计分析来确定PM2.5度与婴儿死亡率之间的关联.
- 评估了15年来不同社会经济层面的协会的一致性.
主要成果:
- 增加10μg/ m3的PM2.5度与婴儿死亡率上升9%有关.
- 在过去的15年里,这种关联一直保持不变,并没有受到家庭财富的影响.
- 超过最低水平的PM2.5暴露与30个非洲国家22%的婴儿死亡有关,估计2015年有449,000例新增死亡.
结论:
- 环境PM2.5对撒哈拉以南非洲的婴儿生存构成重大和持续的威胁.
- 目前全球估计非洲空气污染相关的婴儿死亡率可能低估了真正的负担.
- 减少非洲的PM2.5暴露可能会为婴儿带来大量的公共健康益处,超过许多其他健康干预措施的益处.
相关概念视频
02:12Relationship Formation
46.2K
What do you think is the single most influential factor in determining with whom you become friends and whom you form romantic relationships? You might be surprised to learn that the answer is simple: the people with whom you have the most contact. This most important factor is proximity. You are more likely to be friends with people you have regular contact with. For example, there are decades of research that shows that you are more likely to become friends with people who live in your dorm,...
46.2K
01:28Ending Relationships
196
The dissolution of intimate relationships presents complex emotional and psychological challenges, particularly when emotional bonds are strong, the relationship is long-standing, and perceived alternatives are limited. This distress often intensifies in romantic breakups, where the initiator may experience greater turmoil than the rejected partner. Contributing factors include residual attachment, guilt over causing pain, and uncertainty about how to manage the situation. The stress is further...
196
01:27Relationship Growth
224
Interpersonal relationships progress through stages, beginning with awareness and moving toward mutuality, where emotional connections deepen. While many relationships remain at moderate levels of mutuality, deeper connections form through self-disclosure, trust, and interdependence.Self-DisclosureSelf-disclosure involves revealing personal information, starting with surface-level details and gradually progressing to more intimate content. As trust grows, individuals feel more comfortable...
224
01:30Social Relationships and Well-Being
322
The significance of social relationships in psychological well-being is a well-established area of inquiry within social psychology. Research consistently demonstrates that the presence of meaningful, supportive relationships enhances emotional health, while the absence or deterioration of such connections can contribute to psychological distress. Relationships serve as a foundation for emotional support, identity, and social belonging, all of which are critical to an individual’s overall...
322
01:05Quality Control
2.7K
Quality control is one of the three cyclical quality assurance activities that help keep a system under statistical control. Typical quality control activities include creating quality control charts, conducting proficiency testing, and documenting and archiving results.
Quality control helps track data, visualize trends, and identify variations, making it easier to detect deviations that may affect the accuracy of an analysis. One way to do this is by generating a quality control chart, which...
Quality control helps track data, visualize trends, and identify variations, making it easier to detect deviations that may affect the accuracy of an analysis. One way to do this is by generating a quality control chart, which...
2.7K
01:19Quality Assurance
2.4K
Quality assurance is the overarching term used to describe the activities employed to ensure the proper performance of a system. These activities can be classified into three categories: quality control, quality assessment, and internal corrective measures. Typically, these activities work cyclically: quality control is performed before and during the analysis, while quality assessment occurs during and after the investigation. Internal corrective measures are implemented based on the findings...
2.4K