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相关概念视频

Adult Stem Cells01:33

Adult Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

Embryonic Stem Cells

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit as needed and can, under specific conditions, differentiate into specialized cells.
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相关实验视频

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Data Collection on Marine Litter Ingestion in Sea Turtles and Thresholds for Good Environmental Status
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一个三叠纪的树,有无牙的嘴巴

Chun Li1,2, Nicholas C Fraser3, Olivier Rieppel4

  • 1Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. lichun@ivpp.ac.cn.

Nature
|August 24, 2018
PubMed
概括

一个新发现的三叠纪乌从中国提供了关键的洞察力早期的乌进化. 这种化石具有无牙的嘴巴和硬的骨板, 挑战了以前关于海起源的理论.

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科学领域:

  • 脊椎动物古生物学
  • 进化生物学
  • 中世爬行动物

背景情况:

  • 乌的进化起源和遗传位置仍然是古生物学中的一个重要辩论.
  • 最近的研究提议将海视为虫,但它们在这个群体中的特定位置和关键特征获得的时间表受到质疑.

研究的目的:

  • 描述在中国发现的三叠纪新发现的化石.
  • 分析其独特的原始和先进特征组合的进化含义,以了解早期的乌多样化.

主要方法:

  • 一个新发现的化石海标本的描述和形态分析.
  • 骨特征的比较分析,包括和骨盆带,与已知的化石和现存的乌亲属.

主要成果:

  • 发现已知最早的茎乌,其嘴部没有牙,骨板也很硬.
  • 这种标本显示出衍生和形 (祖先) 特性的马赛克,表明复杂的进化途径.

结论:

  • 新的化石挑战了早期乌进化的简单模型.
  • 它强调了干的复杂历史, 早期的分歧和关键解剖特征的多样化.