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相关概念视频

Global Climate Change01:50

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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The Global Positioning System (GPS) revolutionized positioning on Earth, providing precise location data through satellite ranging. The GPS system was developed in 1978 by the U.S. Department of Defense  for military use, and it became available for civilian applications in 1983, transforming fields including navigation, fleet management, and time synchronization for telecommunications systems.GPS consists of satellites in medium Earth orbit, about 20,200 kilometers above the surface,...
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Global Positioning System (GPS) technology has revolutionized navigation and positioning, but its accuracy is often compromised by various errors. These errors, stemming from environmental, satellite, and receiver-related factors, require careful mitigation to ensure reliable performance across applications.Atmospheric ErrorsGPS signals travel through the Earth’s ionosphere and troposphere, introducing delays which affect accuracy. The ionosphere is strongly influenced by charged particles,...
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Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...
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The Global Positioning System (GPS) has become an indispensable tool in fieldwork, offering unparalleled precision and efficiency for surveying, navigation, and infrastructure development. By harnessing signals from a constellation of satellites, GPS receivers determine the location of objects with remarkable speed and accuracy, often completing calculations within a second.Advantages of Modern GPS TechnologyContemporary GPS receivers are designed to meet the practical demands of field...
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GPS surveying methods vary in application, accuracy, and data collection techniques, catering to diverse surveying and mapping needs. Static GPS, kinematic GPS, and real-time kinematic (RTK) surveying are widely used. Each technique offers distinct advantages.Static GPS involves placing one receiver at a known reference point and another at the target point. It collects exact positional data by observing multiple satellite ranges over an extended period, achieving centimeter-level accuracy for...
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全球枪支死亡率,1990年至2016年

, Mohsen Naghavi1, Laurie B Marczak1

  • 1Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle.

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此摘要是机器生成的。

全球枪支死亡人数在2016年达到251,000人,其中杀人案占多数. 虽然整体枪支伤害死亡率有所下降,但各个国家和人口结构仍然存在显著差异,这凸显了有针对性的预防政策的必要性.

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科学领域:

  • 全球健康
  • 流行病学
  • 公共卫生政策

背景情况:

  • 了解全球枪支死亡率对于制定有效预防策略至关重要.
  • 之前对枪支伤害死亡的估计有所不同,因此需要更新全球数据.
  • 枪支的使用和拥有被认为是影响死亡率的重要因素.

研究的目的:

  • 估计1990年至2016年全球195个国家和地区的枪支伤害死亡人数.
  • 分析枪支死亡的趋势, 包括谋杀,自杀和意外死亡.
  • 调查枪支可用性与枪支相关死亡率之间的关系.

主要方法:

  • 使用了13812个位置年份的非识别的聚合重要登记数据.
  • 根据年龄,性别,年龄和地点分层的死亡率和估计值.
  • 使用修订后的代理衡量, 结合枪支自杀比例和人均枪支所有权来评估枪支准入.

主要成果:

  • 据估计,2016年全球发生了251,000 (95%UI,195,000-276,000) 枪支伤害死亡,高于1990年的209,000.
  • 在2016年,杀人占枪支死亡的多数 (64.0%),其次是自杀 (27.0%) 和无意死亡 (9.0%).
  • 虽然全球枪支自杀率每年下降1.6%,但124个国家的自杀率稳定或增加;全球枪支杀人率没有显著下降. 更高的枪支可用性与枪支自杀和杀人率的增加有关 (R2=0.21和R2=0.35,分别).

结论:

  • 全球枪支伤害死亡人数在1990年至2016年间增加,在6个国家造成不成比例的负担.
  • 尽管年龄标准化的枪支死亡率总体上有所下降,但在全球和各个人口群体之间存在显著差异.
  • 调查结果强调了枪支供应和死亡率之间的复杂关系,强调了针对性,基于证据的预防政策的必要性.